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青山T/Gセミナー

GMAT sentence correction

■GMAT sc■

GMAT (graduate Management Admission Test)の sc (sentence correction)は、より良い英文 (Standard American English)を、体感で会得するすることができる格好の練習教材。GMAT受験生はもちろん、英文に興味のあるどなたでも挑戦歓迎。高校大学受験レベルの基礎英語力があれば十分。難しいと思う方にとっては、限りなく難しく、大丈夫こなせるという鯔背な信念を持つ方にとっては、奥深く興味尽きることのない教材、それがGMAT scです。
■ 回答( A, B, C, D, E)、案、ご相談・質問は、ここに！
■ 本気にやりたい方は→GMAT 7 Week's Wonder

■ Gsc6-2 ■ 240522wed

At the time of the American Revolution, most of the tools employed in farming were little different than the ones that [were in use during] 2,000 years.

(A) were little different than the ones that were in use during

(B) were a little different than those that have been in use during

(D) differed little from the ones that have been used during

(E) were little different from the ones being used for

■ Gsc6-1 ■ 240519sun

The taproot of a coffee tree seedling must be put in the ground absolutely straight [or else otherwise it will die].

(A) or else otherwise it will die

(B) so as not to die

(D) or else they die

(E) or it will die

■ Gsc5-40 ■ 240515wed

Neanderthals sometimes inhabited caves and used fire, and they are the first people [for whom we have evidence of] burials and religious practices.

(A) for whom we have evidence of

(B) for whom we have evidence that there were

(D) who we have evidence had

(E) who we have evidence of having

■ Gsc5-39 ■ 240512sun

Like many African countries, [Chad's amalgam of religious and ethnic groups were arbitrarily united] under colonial rule.

(A) Chad's amalgam of religious and ethnic groups were arbitrarily united

(B) the amalgam of religious and ethnic groups that constitute Chad were arbitrarily united

(D) Chad is an amalgam of religious and ethnic groups that were arbitrarily united

(E) Chad's religious and ethnic groups were arbitrarily united into an amalgam

■ Gsc5-38 ■ 240508wed

Montezuma's messengers carried gifts to Cortes fit for the returning god [he was thought to be].

(A) he was thought to be

(B) that they all thought of him as

(D) he was regarded as

(E) he had been considered to be

■ Gsc5-37 ■ 240505sun

Many states, in search of industries that are [clean, fast-growing, and pay] good wages to skilled workers, are trying to attract high-technology industries.

(A) clean, fast-growing, and pay

(B) clean, grow fast, and that pay

(D) clean and grow fast, paying

(E) clean, fast-growing, and paying

■ Gsc5-36 ■ 240501wed

With 2.2 billion passengers a year, the Tokyo subway system carries 50 percent [more people than New York and has less] than half as many cars.

(A) more people than New York and has less

(B) over what New York's does and has less

(D) more people than New York's with fewer

(E) more people than New York, having fewer

■ Gsc5-35 ■ 240428sun

[Each archaeological discovery at Pompeii is photographed when it is uncovered in order that if it disintegrates] while being moved, it will not be lost completely.

(A) Each archaeological discovery at Pompeii is photographed when it is uncovered in order that if it disintegrates

(B) Every archaeological discovery at Pompeii is photographed as they uncover it so that should it disintegrate

(D) Every archaeological discovery at Pompeii has been photographed when they uncover it so that should it disintegrate

(E) Each archaeological discovery at Pompeii has been photographed when it is uncovered in order that if it disintegrates

■ Gsc5-34 ■ 240424wed

[About 95 percent of the world population seem to be] immune to leprosy and even those who are susceptible are at risk only after long-term exposure to an active case.

(A) About 95 percent of the world population seem to be

(B) About 95 percent of the world's population seems to be

(D) The world's population seems to be about 95 percent

(E) The population of the world seems to be about 95 percent

■ Gsc5-33 ■ 240421sun

This is proving to be the sixth consecutive year [in which net farm income is sharply depressed].

(A) in which net farm income is sharply depressed

(B) in which there would be sharply depressed net farm income

(D) for the sharp depression of net farm income

(E) of net farm income that was sharply depressed

■ Gsc5-32 ■ 240417wed

When adjusted for body weight, [children of various age-groups in the United States have a caffeine intake that ranges from 36 to 58 percent of the average amount consumed by adults].

(A) children of various age-groups in the United States have a caffeine intake that ranges from 36 to 58 percent of the average amount consumed by adults

(B) the caffeine intake of children of various age-groups in the United States ranges from 36 to 58 percent of the average amount consumed by adults

(C) various age-groups of children in the United States range in caffeine intake from 36 to 58 percent of that consumed by the average adult

(D) in the United States, children of various age-groups have a caffeine intake that ranges from 36 to 58 percent of the average adult's consumption

(E) in the United States, the caffeine intake of children in various age-groups ranges from 36 to 58 percent of that consumed by the average adult

■ Gsc5-31 ■ 240414sun

Just as the economy and society of the preindustrial state were radically different from [the modern nation-state, so too their art served a very different function from that which art has] in our society today.

(A) the modern nation-state, so too their art served a very different function from that which art has

(B) the modern nation-state, so too their art served a very different function than art does

(D) those of the modern nation-state, so too their art served a very different function from what art has

(E) that of the modern nation-state, so too its art served a very different function than art has

■ Gsc5- 30 ■ 240410wed

The greater chance of developing stress-related heart disease belongs not to the dynamic executive, male or female, nor the single mother, but the married woman who holds a full-time job while still performing most household tasks at home.

(A) greater chance of developing stress-related heart disease belongs not to the dynamic executive, male or female, nor the single mother,

(B) greater chance of developing stress-related heart disease is not risked by the dynamic executive, male or female, or the single mother,

(C) one who most risks developing stress-related heart disease is not the dynamic executive, male or female, or the single mother

(D) one who risks the greater chance of developing stress-related heart disease is not the dynamic executive, male or female, nor the single mother

(E) one most risking the greater chance of developing stress-related heart disease is neither the dynamic executive, male nor female, nor the single mother

■ Gsc5-29 ■ 240407sun

Since the beginning of the nineteenth century the question of [if there is to be] enough food to feed the growing world population has been raised repeatedly.

(A) if there is to be

(B) if there may be

(D) whether there will be

(E) whether or not there be

■ Gsc5-28 ■ 240403wed

The homicide rate of the United States is eight to nine times [that of] other major industrial countries.

(A) that of

(B) that which it is in

(D) higher as that of

(E) what they are in

■ Gsc5-26 ■ 240327wed

In the fifteenth century, when coal first began to have commercial value, women and children did the hardest work in the [mines: they were hauling baskets on their hands and knees out of poorly ventilated tunnels].

(A) mines: they were hauling baskets on their hands and knees out of poorly ventilated tunnels

(B) mines, and hauled baskets out of poorly ventilated tunnels on their hands and knees

(D) mines: out of poorly ventilated tunnels, they hauled baskets on their hands and knees

(E) mines: on their hands and knees, they hauled baskets out of poorly ventilated tunnels

■ Gsc5-25 ■ 240324sun

Many physicians are now suggesting that moderate fevers be allowed to run their course, for they may shorten the illness, enhance the action of antibiotics, and [the chances of spreading the infection to others may be reduced].

(A) the chances of spreading the infection to others may be reduced

(B) there may be a reduction of chances that the infection be spread to others

(D) may reduce the chances of spreading the infection to others

(E) reduce the chances of spreading the infection to others

■ Gsc5-24 ■ 240320wed

According to Ms. Haskell's recent study, the [amount of people who appear at church-operated emergency food centers have] increased during the past year from 40 percent at some facilities to 600 percent at others.

(A) amount of people who appear at church-operated emergency food centers have

(B) amount of people appearing at church-operated emergency food centers have

(D) number of people appearing at church-operated emergency food centers has

(E) number of people who have been appearing at church-operated emergency food centers have

■ Gsc5-23 ■ 240317sun

Some researchers believe that embryonic tissue will one day [not only be used to correct such tragic conditions as paralysis that results from spinal-cord injury but also some currently untreatable disorders of the brain].

(A) not only be used to correct such tragic conditions as paralysis that results from spinal-cord injury but also some currently untreatable disorders of the brain

(B) not only be used to correct tragic conditions such as paralysis that results from spinal-cord injury but some currently untreatable disorders of the brain as well

(C) be used not only to correct such tragic conditions as paralysis resulting from spinal-cord injury but some currently untreatable disorders of the brain as well

(D) be used to correct not only tragic conditions such as paralysis resulting from spinal-cord injury as well as some currently untreatable disorders of the brain

(E) be used to correct not only such tragic conditions as paralysis resulting from spinal-cord injury but also some currently untreatable disorders of the brain

■ Gsc5-22 ■ 240313wed

At the beginning of the last century, Latin America was [richer and more populous than] the United States.

(A) richer and more populous than

(B) more populous and rich when compared with

(D) more populous and richer than was

(E) richer and more populous in comparison to

■ Gsc5-22 ■ 240313wed

At the beginning of the last century, Latin America was [richer and more populous than] the United States.

(A) richer and more populous than

(B) more populous and rich when compared with

(D) more populous and richer than was

(E) richer and more populous in comparison to

■ Gsc5-21 ■ 240310sun

Many life insurance policies offer holders [the right that they can borrow against the cash value of their policy] at an interest rate of 5 to 8 percent, depending on the state-mandated ceiling on such loans.

(A) the right that they can borrow against the cash value of their policy

(B) the right to borrow against the cash value of their policies

(D) rights permitting borrowing against the cash value of a policy

(E) rights allowing borrowing against the cash value of policies

■ Gsc5-20 ■ 240306wed

Though it has not yet vanished from the pregame training table, steak has largely been replaced by carbohydrates, [delivering energy much faster than protein does].

(A) delivering energy much faster than protein does

(B) which deliver energy much faster than protein

(D) which deliver energy much faster than protein does

(E) much faster at delivering energy than protein

■ Gsc5-19 ■ 240303sun

The federal Age Discrimination in Employment Act includes an exception permitting companies to require that certain executives in high policy-making positions [to retire] at 65.

(A) to retire

(B) should retire

(D) have to retire

(E) retire

■ Gsc5-18 ■ 24028wed

With government funds no longer increasing and private philanthropy [no longer able to carry the burden it once did], the major research universities are turning to the one likely source of additional funds: the major corporations.

(A) no longer able to carry the burden it once did

(B) no longer able to carry the burden it once had

(D) no longer having the ability of carrying the burden it once had

(E) no longer with the ability of carrying the burden that it did once

■ Gsc5-17 ■ 24025sun

The life expectancy of urban residents is somewhat higher than[ people living in small towns and considerably higher than] people who live on farms.

(A) people living in small towns and considerably higher than

(B) that of people living in small towns and considerably higher than that of

(D) that of people living in small towns and considerably higher than

(E) they are for people living in small towns and considerably higher than they are

■ Gsc5-16 ■ 240221wed

Many legal experts who admit that polygraph testing is not completely accurate nevertheless advocate its expanded use in criminal cases, arguing that perfection in evidence [is not and never has been required, neither in science nor] in our courts.

(A) is not and never has been required, neither in science nor

(B) is and has been required not in science nor

(D) should not and never has been required, either in science or

(E) should and has been required neither in science nor

■ Gsc5-15 ■ 240218sun

Once the site of pilgrimages to the Aztec god of the caves, [each Sunday now attracts hundreds of Christians wearing flower wreaths to Chalma].

(A) each Sunday now attracts hundreds of Christians wearing flower wreaths to Chalma

(B) hundreds of Christians wearing Rower wreaths are now attracted to Chalma each Sunday

(D) hundreds of Christians wearing flower wreaths are now attracted each Sunday to Chalma

(E) Chalma now attracts each Sunday hundreds of Christians wearing flower wreaths

■ Gsc5-14 ■ 240214wed

Drug therapy can [supplement, but it does not replace psychotherapy as they treat a disease which has] psychological and physiological components.

(A) supplement, but it does not replace psychotherapy as they treat a disease which has

(B) supplement, but they do not replace psychotherapy in the treating of a disease having

(D) supplement but not replace psychotherapy in the treatment of a disease that has

(E) supplement, but there is no replacement for psychotherapy in the treatment of a disease that has

■ Gsc5-13 ■ 240211sun

The Marconi affair was a financial imbroglio [where there were allegations as to a group of British politicians who had influenced] government policy in order to profit from their holdings in the Marconi Company.

(A) where there were allegations as to a group of British politicians who had influenced

(B) where it was alleged a group of British politicians influenced

(D) in which it was alleged that a group of British politicians had influenced

(E) that was alleged to have a group of British politicians influencing

■ Gsc5-12 ■ 240207wed

After Woodrow Wilson had a massive right-hemisphere stroke, he could not read more than a few lines at a time, he was subject to outbursts of temper and tears, and his periods of alertness alternated [between periods that were lethargic and withdrawal].

(A) between periods that were lethargic and withdrawal

(B) with periods of lethargy and withdrawal

(D) withdrawal with periods of lethargy

(E) between periods of being lethargic and withdrawn

■ Gsc5-11 ■ 240204sun

Scientists point out that the evolution of life is characterized by divergence?that is, [newly evolved species always differ more from one another than their predecessors did].

(A) newly evolved species always differ more from one another than their predecessors did

(B) newly evolved species always differ more than their predecessors had from one another

(D) new species always evolve as being more different from one another than their predecessors did

(E) new species always evolve more differently from one another than their predecessors had

■ Gsc5-10 ■ 240131wed

Contrary to popular assumptions, both speculation in securities and real estate and acquisitions of existing companies [does not waste capital that would otherwise be used for productive investment].

(A) does not waste capital that would otherwise be used for productive investment

(B) does not waste the capital to be used in other ways for productive investment

(D) do not waste capital that would otherwise be used for productive investment

(E) is not wasteful of capital otherwise to be used for investing productively

■ Gsc5-9 ■ 240128sun

Recent studies have shown that [fewer women are depressed by the "empty nest" than psychologists have once assumed]; in fact, many women now look forward to new interests or careers when their children leave home.

(A) fewer women are depressed by the "empty nest" than psychologists have once assumed

(B) fewer women are depressed by the "empty nest" than psychologists once assumed

(D) less women are depressed by the "empty nest" than psychologists assume

(E) less women are depressed by the "empty nest" than psychologists have assumed

■ Gsc5-8 ■ 24024wed

Alcohol not only causes automobile accidents but also [the injuries, especially to the spinal cord, may be more severe:.

(A) the injuries, especially to the spinal cord, may be more severe

(B) there may be more severe injuries, especially to the spinal cord

(D) the injuries to the spinal cord especially may be more severe

(E) the severity of injuries, especially to the spinal cord, may increase

■ Gsc5-7 ■ 24021sun

The central issue before the court was how far the regulatory agencies should go [in requiring better working conditions in factories].

(A) in requiring better working conditions in factories

(B) as far as requiring better working conditions in factories

(D) as far as requiring that factories should have better working conditions

(E) to require factories to have better working conditions

■ Gsc5-6 ■ 24017wed

[Circulating in the Pacific Ocean, researchers have found evidence that there are patterns of water movement which] influence the weather of the North American continent.

(A) Circulating in the Pacific Ocean, researchers have found evidence that there are patterns of water movement which

(B) Circulating in the Pacific Ocean, researchers have found evidence of patterns of water movement which

(D) Researchers have found evidence of patterns of water circulation moving in the Pacific Ocean which

(E) Researchers have found evidence that patterns of water circulation in the Pacific Ocean

■ Gsc5-5 ■ 24014sun

Of the nineteen Americans in the expedition that climbed Mount Everest in 1963, [more than half of them had a graduate degree] of some sort.

(A) more than half of them had a graduate degree

(B) more than a majority had graduate degrees

(D) over half had a graduate degree

(E) over a half had graduate degrees

■ Gsc5-4 ■ 240114sun

Professor Hill presents evidence to show that J. Edgar Hoover sought to imprison or deport Marcus Garvey, [whom he perceived as an international threat].

(A) whom he perceived as an international threat

(B) whom he perceived to be internationally threatening

(D) who was perceived by him to be internationally threatening

(E) who was perceived by him that he was an international threat

■ Gsc5-3 ■ 230107sun

[Almost each major-league baseball pitcher will experience] shoulder or elbow pain in the course of a baseball season.

(A) Almost each major-league baseball pitcher will experience

(B) Almost every major-league baseball pitcher experiences

(D) Almost all major-league baseball pitchers have experience with

(E) Common to almost each major-league baseball pitcher is the experience of

■ Gsc4-40 ■ 231227wed

A new method of deriving the vaccine for hoof-and-mouth disease from E. coli bacteria allows for levels of serum production [that are more than a thousand times as high per bacterium than] was previously possible.

(A) that are more than a thousand times as high per bacterium than

(B) that are more than a thousand times higher per bacterium as

(D) as much as a thousand times as high per bacterium than

(E) as much as a thousand times higher per bacterium as

■ Gsc4-38 ■ 231220wed

Despite its inconveniences and irritations, jury service [can, and often is, the most rewarding civic duty that average citizens perform].

(A) can, and often is, the most rewarding civic duty that average citizens perform

(B) can be, and often is, the most rewarding civic duty that average citizens perform

(D) may have been, and often is, the most rewarding civic duty the average citizens perform

(E) might be, and often has been, the most rewarding civic duty average citizens have performed

■ Gsc4-37 ■ 231217sun

[In combination, the trend of demographics and economics indicate] that the regions of the United States will continue to become more disparate in their problems and needs.

(A) In combination, the trend of demographics and economics indicate

(B) The trend of demographics and economics combined indicates

(D) Demographic and economic trends, in combination, indicate

(E) Demographic trends combine with the economic to indicate

■ Gsc4-36 ■ 231213wed

According to the space agency, the proposed transmitter [would not last barely a month if it is] subjected to the intense heat of space.

(A) would not last barely a month if it is

(B) could not last hardly a month if it is

(D) would not last a month if it will be

(E) will not last a month if

■ Gsc4-35 ■ 231210sun

Until fairly recently pre-Columbian artifacts were [regarded more often to be objects of archaeological interest than] artistic quality.

(A) regarded more often to be objects of archaeological interest than

(B) considered more often to be objects of archaeological interest rather than

(D) considered as being more often objects of archaeological interest than of

(E) regarded more often as being objects of archaeological interest instead of

■ Gsc4-32 ■ 231129wed

In 1719 the Meissen manufacturers found a way of combining kaolin, quartz, and feldspar, a kind of potash, to manufacture a hard-paste porcelain [which was comparable to what was being imported by Europeans from the Far East for centuries].

(A) which was comparable to what was being imported by Europeans from the Far East for centuries

(B) which compared with that which Europeans imported from the Far East for centuries

(D) comparable to what Europeans had imported for centuries from the Far East

(E) that could be compared to what Europeans imported for centuries from the Far East

■ Gsc4-31 ■ 231126sun

The key discovery in the scientific effort to understand fire was made in 1774 when Lavoisier recognized that [the apparent disappearance of matter in flames is an illusion].

(A) the apparent disappearance of matter in flames is an illusion

(B) the matter that apparently disappears in flames is an illusion

(D) it was an illusion that there is an apparent disappearance of matter in flames

(E) it was an illusion that matter apparently disappears in flames

■ Gsc4- 30 ■ 231122wed

Maesanin, the active ingredient in an herbal tea used by East Africans to ward off cholera, [has an antibacterial action but by a mechanism that is neither understood nor similar to that of] other antibiotics.

(A) has an antibacterial action but by a mechanism that is neither understood nor similar to that of

(B) has an antibacterial action by a mechanism that is not understood, however, nor similar to

(D) acts against bacteria by a mechanism that is not understood, however, and is different from

(E) acts against bacteria, but it does so by a mechanism that is not understood and is different from that of

■ Gsc4-29 ■ 231119sun

Since children who undergo preschool education have [been proven to be less liable] to need remedial programs later, preschool education programs are demonstrably cost effective.

(A) been proven to be less liable

(B) proved themselves not as liable

(D) proven to be less liable

(E) proven themselves not as likely

■ Gsc4-27 ■ 231112sun

[Prospects for falling interest rates to continue improved last month] when the nation's money supply dropped sharply and a leading bank cut its prime lending rate a full percentage point.

(A) Prospects for falling interest rates to continue improved last month

(B) Prospects that interest rates will continue to fall improved last month

(D) Last month prospects improved for interest rates to continue to fall

(E) Last month prospects improved that falling interest rates will continue

■ Gsc4-26 ■ 231108wed

Species of insects or birds that are accidentally introduced into a new country often become pests because [they now lack their predators from their former habitat].

(A) they now lack their predators from their former habitat

(B) of the predators they now lack from their former habitat

(D) the predators they encountered in their former habitat are now absent

(E) their predators they encountered in their former habitat are lacking now

■ Gsc4-25 ■ 231105sun

During the first half of the nineteenth century, the growth in the commercial production of cotton [led to the plantation system expanding and the system's reliance on slave labor intensifying] .

(A) led to the plantation system expanding and the system's reliance on slave labor intensifying

(B) had led to the plantation system being expanded and the system's reliance on slave labor becoming more intense

(D) led to an expansion of the plantation system and an intensification of the system's reliance on slave labor

(E) had led to an expansion of the plantation system and had intensified their reliance on slave labor

■ Gsc4-24 ■ 231101wed

[Through waste conversion into salable materials and using energy that would otherwise be wasted], many companies have found that they can reduce costs and pollution simultaneously.

(A) Through waste conversion into salable materials and using energy that would otherwise be wasted

(B) Through converting wastes into salable materials and the use of otherwise wasted energy

(D) By the converting of wastes into salable materials and waste energy use

(E) By waste conversion into salable materials and waste energy use

■ Gsc4-23 ■ 231029sun

Employers often obtain arrest records of applicants for employment from the Federal Bureau of Investigation's computerized file, but [in that file they mostly] fail to indicate the outcome of cases, and approximately one-fifth are inaccurate.

(A) in that file they mostly

(B) in that file most

(D) most in that file

(E) most records in that file

■ Gsc4-22 ■ 231025wed

If continued population growth [is unmatched by increases in food supply, large parts of the globe would] face widespread hunger and famine.

(A) is unmatched by increases in food supply, large parts of the globe would

(B) is not matched by increases in food supply, large parts of the globe will

(D) should be unmatched by increases in food supply, large parts of the globe can

(E) were to be unmatched by increases in food supply, large parts of the globe may

■ Gsc4-21 ■ 231022sun

[Founded in 1843, the Economist's weekly magazine circulation has now doubled to about 200,000, twice that of a decade ago].

(A) Founded in 1843, the Economist's weekly magazine circulation has now doubled to about 200,000, twice that of a decade ago.

(B) The Economist magazine, founded in 1843, now has a weekly circulation twice that of a decade ago, doubled to about 200,000.

(C) Founded in 1843, the weekly circulation of the magazine the Economist is now twice what it was a decade ago, doubled to about 200,000.

(D) The weekly the Economist, founded in 1843, has a magazine circulation that had doubled to about 200,000, twice a decade ago's.

(E) The Economist, a magazine founded in 1843, now has a weekly circulation of about 200,000, twice what it was a decade ago.

■ Gsc4-20 ■ 231022wed

The proportion of the work force that is unionized has declined; only one worker in every five now belongs to a union, [rather than one in every four, like in 1955].

(A) rather than one in every four, like in 1955

(B) instead of one in every four, as in 1955

(D) unlike 1955, when it was one in every four

(E) whereas there was one in every four in 1955

■ Gsc4-19 ■ 231015sun

Despite the growing concern of government officials that sophisticated United States technology and arms are being shipped illegally to unfriendly nations, the federal agencies [in charge of administering the export control laws remains understaffed, and its enforcement efforts] are sporadic.

(A) in charge of administering the export control laws remains understaffed, and its enforcement efforts

(B) having charge of the administration of the export control laws remains understaffed, and their enforcement efforts

(D) in charge to administer the export control laws remain understaffed, and their efforts at enforcement

(E) charged with administering the export control laws remain understaffed, and their enforcement efforts

■ Gsc4-18 ■ 231011wed

Confronted with mounting [drug prices, particularly the synthetic petrochemical derivatives], some Western chemists are turning their attention to herbs used for many centuries in African and Asian medical practice.

(A) drug prices, particularly the synthetic petrochemical derivatives

(B) drug prices, particularly the synthetic drugs derived from petrochemicals

(D) prices for drugs, in particular the synthetics derived of petrochemicals

(E) prices for drugs, particularly the synthetic drugs derived from petrochemicals

■ Gsc4-17 ■ 231008sun

[Although much used in employment interviews as well as in police work, the validity of lie detector tests] is questionable, and research has shown many instances of misclassification by trained interrogators.

(A) Although much used in employment interviews as well as in police work, the validity of lie detector tests

(B) Although they are much used in both employment interviews and in police work, the validity of lie detector tests

(D) The validity of lie detector tests, in spite of being much used in both employment interviews and in police work,

(E) The validity of lie detector tests, although much used both in employment interviews and police work,

■ Gsc4-16 ■ 231004wed

The ratio of [salaries of managers to ordinary workers are substantially lower in Japan than the comparable ratio] in the United States.

(A) salaries of managers to ordinary workers are substantially lower in Japan than the comparable ratio

(B) salaries of managers to ordinary workers is substantially lower in Japan than is the comparable ratio

(D) managers' salaries to those of ordinary workers is substantially lower in Japan than

(E) managers' salaries to those of ordinary workers are substantially lower in Japan than is the comparable ratio

■ Gsc4-15 ■ 231001sun

[If a nuclear weapon were to be detonated above the atmosphere, it would generate not a blast, shock, nor heat, but] an intense electromagnetic pulse disrupting, like a lightning bolt, all unshielded electric lines and electronic equipment.

(A) If a nuclear weapon were to be detonated above the atmosphere, it would generate not a blast, shock, nor heat, but

(B) If a nuclear weapon were to be detonated above the atmosphere, it would not generate a blast, shock, or heat, but rather

(D) A nuclear weapon detonated above the atmosphere would not generate a blast, shock, or heat, but rather

(E) A nuclear weapon detonated above the atmosphere would not generate a blast, shock, nor heat, but

■ Gsc4-14 ■ 230927wed

The United States and Canada have agreed to joint action on acid rain, an environmental pollutant [that each exports to the other].

(A) that each exports to the other

(B) each is exporting to the other one

(D) they are exporting to one another

(E) that they both export to each other

■ Gsc4-13 ■ 230924sun

[International loans that are extensive and in some cases exceeding the total equity of the lending bank have exposed them] to insolvency, since borrowers, hard-pressed by changes in interest rates and oil prices, have found repayment impossible.

(A) International loans that are extensive and in some cases exceeding the total equity of the lending bank have exposed them

(B) International loans that are extensive in size and exceeding in some cases the total equity of the lending banks expose the lenders

(D) Extensive international loans, exceeding in some cases the total equity of the lending banks, have exposed the lenders

(E) Extensive international loans, in some cases exceeding the total equity of the lending bank, have exposed them

■ Gsc4-12 ■ 230920wed

Margot Peters' recent study examines the actresses [with whom, as] a dramatic critic and struggling playwright, Shaw found himself writing for, competing with, courting for their influence, and often simply courting.

(A) with whom, as

(B) with whom, when he was

(D) whom, being

(E) whom, as

■ Gsc4-11 ■ 230917sun

When there is disagreement in a criminal case?that is, when reasonable doubt becomes an element in the verdict?a jury is six times [more likely to acquit as to convict a defendant].

(A) more likely to acquit as to convict a defendant

(B) more likely to acquit than to convict a defendant

(D) likelier to acquit a defendant rather than convict

(E) likelier that a defendant will be acquitted rather than convicted

■ Gsc4-10 ■ 230913wed

[It is known that consuming too much sodium makes a contribution to hypertension], which is a factor in half the deaths in the United States each year.

(A) It is known that consuming too much sodium makes a contribution to hypertension

(B) The consumption of too much sodium is known to have made a contribution to hypertension

(D) Contributing to hypertension is the consuming of too much sodium

(E) Known to contribute to hypertension is the consumption of too much sodium

■ Gsc4-8 ■ 230906wed

[It is possible that future spacecraft will be slowly propelled] through almost empty space within the solar system, not by jets of gas, but by the force of photons of sunlight pushing on thin plastic sails.

(A) It is possible that future spacecraft will be slowly propelled

(B) It is possible for future spacecraft to be propelled slowly

(D) Future spacecraft could possibly slowly be propelled

(E) It could be possible that future spacecraft be propelled slowly

■ Gsc4-7 ■ 230903sun

Government agencies have agreed to authorize insurance payments for the use of CAT scanners, recognizing that these machines [are able to make hospital stays shorter and to reduce] the frequency of exploratory surgery.

(A) are able to make hospital stays shorter and to reduce

(B) may make hospital stays shorter and make a reduction in

(D) can shorten hospital stays and reduce

(E) will shorten hospital stays, reducing

■ Gsc4-6 ■ 230830wed

Few baskets made by Southern California Indians would have survived to the present [had it not been for] enthusiastic collectors at the turn of the century.

(A) had it not been for

(B) unless there had been

(D) were it not due to

(E) except that there were

■ Gsc4-5 ■ 230827sun

Minimum wage legislation has been controversial since its inception: its proponents argue that [the people who are most economically vulnerable are safeguarded from being exploited, while other critics argue it leads to people being unemployed].

(A) the people who are most economically vulnerable are safeguarded from being exploited, while other critics argue it leads to people being unemployed

(B) the people safeguarded from being exploited are the most economically vulnerable, whereas the critics argue it leads to people being unemployed

(C) it is a safeguard so that the most economically vulnerable are not exploited, whereas the critics contend that it is a cause of unemployment

(D) it safeguards the most economically vulnerable from exploitation, while its critics contend that it is a cause of unemployment

(E) it has safeguarded the people who are most economically vulnerable from being exploited, while its critics contend that it leads to people being unemployed

■ Gsc4-4 ■ 230823wed

[Unlike] neighboring Pompeii, the inhabitants of Herculaneum had time to flee before their city was buried under volcanic mud when Vesuvius erupted on August 24 in A.D. 79.

(A) Unlike

(B) Unlike those of

(D) Different than those in

(E) Dissimilar to

■ Gsc4-3 ■ 230820sun

[Since Ruth Benedict was an early and outspoken opponent of racial prejudice, and she] argued prophetically that the greatest weapon the country possessed to combat racism was the legal authority of the federal government.

(A) Since Ruth Benedict was an early and outspoken opponent of racial prejudice, and she

(B) An early and outspoken opponent of racial prejudice, Ruth Benedict

(D) Ruth Benedict's early and outspoken opposition to racial prejudice

(E) The outspoken Ruth Benedict, early opposed to racial prejudice,

■ Gsc4-2 ■ 230816wed

Because Congress acted to adjust food stamp benefits [only once a year for inflation, not two times, there was a benefit reduction of] $600 million annually.

(A) only once a year for inflation, not two times, there was a benefit reduction of

(B) only once annually for inflation, not two times, the amount paid in benefits were reduced by

(D) for inflation only once a year, rather than twice, the amount paid in benefits was reduced by

(E) for inflation only one time a year, not twice, there was a reduction of the amount paid in benefits of

■ Gsc4-1 ■ 230813sun

Puritan tracts were concerned with hell and damnation, and fiction was considered [as of harm to] the reader's moral fiber.

(A) as of harm to

(B) to be a harm to

(D) as harming

(E) to be harming to

■ Gsc3-40 ■ 230809wed

(A) that are more than a thousand times as high per bacterium than

(B) that are more than a thousand times higher per bacterium as

(D) as much as a thousand times as high per bacterium than

(E) as much as a thousand times higher per bacterium as

■ Gsc3-39 ■ 230806sun

The architectural problem of how to enclose and articulate interior space becomes [increasingly critical as the size of the space gets larger].

(A) increasingly critical as the size of the space gets larger

(B) ever more critical as the size of the space increases

(D) one that is increasingly critical as there is an increase in the size of the space

(E) more critical with the size of the space getting larger

■ Gsc3-38 ■ 230802wed

Despite its inconveniences and irritations, jury service [can, and often is, the most rewarding civic duty that average citizens perform].

(A) can, and often is, the most rewarding civic duty that average citizens perform

(B) can be, and often is, the most rewarding civic duty that average citizens perform

(D) may have been, and often is, the most rewarding civic duty the average citizens perform

(E) might be, and often has been, the most rewarding civic duty average citizens have performed

■ Gsc3-37 ■ 230730sun

[In combination, the trend of demographics and economics indicate] that the regions of the United States will continue to become more disparate in their problems and needs.

(A) In combination, the trend of demographics and economics indicate

(B) The trend of demographics and economics combined indicates

(D) Demographic and economic trends, in combination, indicate

(E) Demographic trends combine with the economic to indicate

■ Gsc3-36 ■ 230726wed

According to the space agency, the proposed transmitter [would not last barely a month if it is] subjected to the intense heat of space.

(A) would not last barely a month if it is

(B) could not last hardly a month if it is

(D) would not last a month if it will be

(E) will not last a month if

■ Gsc3-35 ■ 230723sun

Until fairly recently pre-Columbian artifacts were [regarded more often to be objects of archaeological interest than] artistic quality.

(A) regarded more often to be objects of archaeological interest than

(B) considered more often to be objects of archaeological interest rather than

(D) considered as being more often objects of archaeological interest than of

(E) regarded more often as being objects of archaeological interest instead of

■ Gsc2-34 ■ 230719wed

Unlike [most suspension bridges, the main cables of the eighty-year-old Williamsburg Bridge are made of ungalvanized wire, which now requires] protection from corrosion.

(A) most suspension bridges, the main cables of the eighty-year-old Williamsburg Bridge are made of ungalvanized wire, which now requires

(B) most suspension bridges, the eighty-year-old Williamsburg Bridge's main cables are made of ungalvanized wire, which now requires

(C) most suspension bridges, the eighty-year-old Williamsburg Bridge has its main cables made of ungalvanized wire, which now require

(D) those of most suspension bridges, the main cables of the eighty-year-old Williamsburg Bridge are made of ungalvanized wire, which now requires

(E) those of most suspension bridges, the main cables of the eighty-year-old Williamsburg Bridge are made of ungalvanized wire, which now require

■ Gsc3-33 ■ 230716sun

Health insurers have begun to demand [that the providers of mental health services be accountable for establishing] that the treatments they administer, under various therapeutic theories, are in fact beneficial.

(A) that the providers of mental health services be accountable for establishing

(B) accountability from the providers of mental health services to establish

(D) accountability for the providers of mental health services, establishing

(E) accountability from those who provide mental health services in order to establish

■ Gsc3-32 ■ 230712wed

(A) which was comparable to what was being imported by Europeans from the Far East for centuries

(B) which compared with that which Europeans imported from the Far East for centuries

(D) comparable to what Europeans had imported for centuries from the Far East

(E) that could be compared to what Europeans imported for centuries from the Far East

■ Gsc3-31 ■ 230709sun

The key discovery in the scientific effort to understand fire was made in 1774 when Lavoisier recognized that [the apparent disappearance of matter in flames is an illusion].

(A) the apparent disappearance of matter in flames is an illusion

(B) the matter that apparently disappears in flames is an illusion

(D) it was an illusion that there is an apparent disappearance of matter in flames

(E) it was an illusion that matter apparently disappears in flames

■ Gsc3- 30 ■ 230705wed

City planners in Detroit hope that the renewal project extending along the eastern riverfront will establish a population [that lives and works downtown and also provides] the office space needed to attract new businesses.

(A) that lives and works downtown and also provides

(B) to live and work downtown and also provide

(D) which lives as well as works downtown and also provides

(E) who live as well as work downtown and also provides

■ Gsc3-29 ■ 230702sun

[ A publication may be sued for libel in any state where it regularly circulates under a unanimous ruling by the Supreme Court.]

(A) A publication may be sued for libel in any state where it regularly circulates under a unanimous ruling by the Supreme Court.

(B) A publication may be sued for libel in any state where it has regular circulation under a unanimous ruling by the Supreme Court.

(C) Under a unanimous ruling by the Supreme Court, a publication may be sued for libel in any state in which it regularly circulates.

(D) Under a unanimous ruling by the Supreme Court, a publication may be sued for libel in any state in which there is regular circulation.

(E) Under a unanimous ruling by the Supreme Court, there may be a suit for libel in any state in which a publication regularly circulates.

■ Gsc3-28 ■ 230629wed

After three months of investigation, it became apparent that both local and state taxes have not [and probably will not be paid] by the insolvent corporation .

(A) and probably will not be paid

(B) been and probably will not be paid

(D) been paid nor probably will be

(E) and will not be paid, probably,

■ Gsc3-27 ■ 230625sun

Alcohol is the only drug that is soluble in both fat and [water; as such it can enter all parts of the human body, affecting] virtually every cell and biological pathway.

(A) water; as such it can enter all parts of the human body, affecting

(B) water; as such entering all parts of the human body, and affecting

(D) water, and as such entering all parts of the human body to affect

(E) water, which can enter all parts of the human body to affect

■ Gsc3-26 ■ 230621wed

The writer Alice Walker [regards Stevie Wonder to be a spiritual singer rather than] a pop singer, and so she opened The Color Purple with a quotation from his song “Do Like You."

(A) regards Stevie Wonder to be a spiritual singer rather than

(B) regards Stevie Wonder as being a spiritual singer instead of

(D) considers Stevie Wonder to bc a spiritual singer instead of

(E) considers Stevie Wonder as being a spiritual singer rather than

■ Gsc3-25 ■ 2306118sun

Searching for tangible evidence of the Roman past in ancient Jerusalem, [Israeli archaeologists have excavated the main Roman entryway into the Old City and succeeded in unearthing a guard tower], the tallest preserved Roman structure in the country.

(A) Israeli archaeologists have excavated the main Roman entryway into the Old City and succeeded in unearthing a guard tower,

(B) the main Roman entryway into the Old City was excavated by Israeli archaeologists, who succeeded in unearthing a guard tower,

(C) the guard tower successfully unearthed by Israeli archaeologists excavating the main Roman entryway into the Old City is

(D) the Israeli archaeologists' excavation of the main Roman entryway into the Old City has succeeded in unearthing a guard tower that is

(E) success was achieved by Israeli archaeologists h unearthing a guard tower as they were excavating the main Roman entryway to the Old City,

■ Gsc2-24 ■ 2306114wed

A growing number of the decisions made at federal, state, and local levels [ involves technical judgments that much of the elecorate is unable knowledgeably to challenge].

(A) involves technical judgments that much of the electorate is unable knowledgeably to challenge

(B) involves technical judgments unable to be challenged knowledgeably by much of the electorate

(D) involve technical judgments that much of the electorate cannot knowledgeably challenge

(E) involve technical judgments incapable of being knowledgeably challenged by much of the electorate

■ Gsc3-23 ■ 230611sun

Black pepper is the dried fruit of the Piper nigrum, a woody vine that grows only in tropical regions [with about one hundred inches of rainfall a year, on the average, alternating with[ long periods of dry heat.

(A) with about one hundred inches of rainfall a year, on the average, alternating with

(B) where rainfall, averaging about one hundred inches a year, alternates with

(D) averaging about one hundred inches of rainfall annually, alternating between

(E) averaging annually about one hundred inches of rainfall alternately with

■ Gsc3-22 ■ 230607wed

Tecumseh urged [all Native American tribes, even former enemies, to resist the cession of individual parcels of land by forming an intertribal confederacy and under it there will be] common ownership of all tribal lands.

(A) all Native American tribes, even former enemies, to resist the cession of individual parcels of land by forming an intertribal confederacy and under it there will be

(B) that all Native American tribes, and even former enemies, resist the cession of individual parcels of land by forming an intertribal confederacy and under it there would be

(c) that all Native American tribes, even former enemies, should be resistant to the cession of individual parcels of land by forming an intertribal confederacy and under it they would have

(D) all Native American tribes, even former enemies, to resist the cession of individual parcels of land by forming an intertribal confederacy under which there would be

(E) all Native American tribes, and even former enemies, that they were to resist the cession of individual parcels of land, form an intertribal confederacy, and under it they would have

■ Gsc3-21 ■ 230604sun

Unlike earlier satellites that last a year or two before failing, [the life span of the new orbiting observatories is expected] to be ten to twenty years.

(A) the life span of the new orbiting observatories is expected to be

(B) the life span of the new orbiting observatories, it is expected, will be

(I)) the expectation is for the new orbiting observatories to have a life span of

(E) the new orbiting observatories are expected to have a life span of

■ Gsc3-20 ■ 230531wed

When rates were raised in 1985, postal service officials predicted [they would make further rate increases unnecessary] for at least three years.

(A) they would make further rate increases unnecessary

(B) they would mean that further rate increases would not be needed

(D) that the increase would make further rate increases unnecessary

(E) further rate increases will not be needed

■ Gsc3-19 ■ 230528sun

To help preserve ancient Egyptian monuments threatened by high water tables, a Swedish engineering firm has proposed installing pumps, perhaps solar powered, [to lower the underground water level and dig trenches] around the bases of the stone walls.

(A) to lower the underground water level and dig trenches

(B) to lower the underground water level and to dig trenches

(D) that lower the underground water level and that trenches be dug

(E) that lower the underground water level and trench digging

■ Gsc3-18 ■ 230524wed

[Under Napoleon the French were not able to organize an adequate supply system, and it] was a major cause of the failure of their invasion of Russia.

(A) Under Napoleon the French were not able to organize an adequate supply system, and it

(B) The French being unable to organize an adequate supply system under Napoleon

(D) The inability of the French under Napoleon to organize an adequate supply system

(E) The French inability under Napoleon of organizing an adequate supply system

■ Gsc3-17 ■ 230521sun

[Although just inside the orbit of] Jupiter, amateur astronomers with good telescopes should be able to see the comet within the next few weeks.

(A) Although just inside the orbit of

(B) Although it is just inside the orbit of

(D) Orbiting just inside

(E) Having orbited just inside

■ Gsc3-16 ■ 230517wed

One of Ronald Reagan's first acts as President was to rescind President Carter's directive [that any chemical banned on medical grounds in the United States be prohibited from sale to other countries].

(A) that any chemical banned on medical grounds in the United States be prohibited from sale to other countries

(B) that any chemical be prohibited from sale to other countries that was banned on medical grounds in the United States

(D) prohibiting that any chemical banned on medical grounds in the United States is sold to other countries

(E) that any chemical banned in the United States on medical grounds is prohibited from being sold to other countries

■ Gsc3-15 ■ 230514sun

According to his own account, Frederic-Auguste Bartholdi, the sculptor of the Statue of Liberty, [modeled the face of the statue like his mother's and the body like his wife's].

(A) modeled the face of the statue like his mother's and the body like his wife's

(B) modeled the face of the statue after that of his mother and the body after that of his wife

(D) made the face of the statue after his mother and the body after his wife

(E) made the face of the statue look like his mother and the body look like his wife

■ Gsc3-14 ■ 230510wed

Several senior officials spoke to the press on condition [that they not be named] in the story.

(A) that they not be named

(B) that their names will not be used

(D) of not being named

(E) they will not be named

■ Gsc3-13 ■ 230507sun

According to scientists at the University of California, the pattern of changes that have occurred in human DNA over the millennia [indicate the possibility that everyone alive today might be descended from a single female ancestor who] lived in Africa sometime between 140,000 and 280,000 years ago.

(A) indicate the possibility that everyone alive today might be descended from a single female ancestor who

(B) indicate that everyone alive today might possibly be a descendant of a single female ancestor who had

(D) indicates that everyone alive today may be a descendant of a single female ancestor who

(E) indicates that everyone alive today might be a descendant from a single female ancestor who

■ Gsc3-12 ■ 230503sun

Most nations regard their airspace [as extending] upward as high as an aircraft can fly; no specific altitude, however, has been officially recognized as a boundary.

(A) as extending

(B) as the extent

(D) to be an extension

(E) to extend

■ Gsc3-11 ■ 230430sun

Several studies have found that the coronary patients who exercise most actively [have half or less than half the chance of dying of a heart attack as those who are sedentary].

(A) have half or less than half the chance of dying of a heart attack as those who are sedentary

(B) have half the chance, or less, of dying of a heart attack than those who are sedentary do

(D) are at least fifty percent less likely to die of a heart attack as those who are sedentary

(E) are at least fifty percent less likely than those who are sedentary to die of a heart attack

■ Gsc3-10 ■ 230426wed

More than five thousand years ago, Chinese scholars accurately described the flow of blood as a continuous circle controlled by the heart, [but it went] unnoticed in the West.

(A) but it went

(B) but it was

(D) but the discovery went

(E) although the discovery was

■ Gsc3-9 ■ 230423sun

Many psychologists and sociologists now contend that the deliberate and even brutal aggression integral to some forms of competitive athletics [increase the likelihood of imitative violence that erupts] among crowds of spectators dominated by young adult males.

(A) increase the likelihood of imitative violence that erupts

(B) increase the likelihood that there will be an eruption of imitative violence

(D) increases the likelihood for imitative violence to erupt

(E) increases the likelihood that imitative violence will erupt

■ Gsc3-8 ■ 230419wed

Studies of the human "sleep-wake cycle" have practical relevance for matters ranging from duty assignments in nuclear submarines and air-traffic control towers [to the staff of] shifts in 24-hour factories.

(A) to the staff of

(B) to those who staff

(D) and staffing

(E) and the staff of

■ Gsc3-7 ■ 230416sun

As many as 300 of [the 720 paintings attributed to Rembrandt may] actually be the works of his students or other admirers.

(A) the 720 paintings attributed to Rembrandt may

(B) the 720 paintings attributed to be Rembrandt's might

(D) the 720 Rembrandt paintings that were once attributed to him might

(E) Rembrandt's paintings, although 720 were once attributed to him, may

■ Gsc3-6 ■ 230412wed

Because young children do not organize their attention or perceptions systematically, [like adults], they may notice and remember details that their elders ignore.

(A) like adults

(B) unlike an adult

(D) as adults do

(E) as an adult

■ Gsc3-5 ■ 230409sun

By studying the primitive visual systems of single-cell aquatic organisms, [biophysicists have discovered a striking similarity between algae and cows], a similarity that indicates the common evolutionary origin of plants and animals: both algae and cows produce a light-sensitive protein called rhodopsin.

(A) biophysicists have discovered a striking similarity between algae and cows

(B) a striking similarity between algae and cows has been discovered by biophysicists

(D) the discovery of a striking similarity between algae and cows was made by biophysicists

(E) algae and cows have a striking similarity that was discovered by biophysicists

■ Gsc3-3 ■ 230402sun

It was the loss of revenue from declines in tourism that in 1935 led the Saudi [authorities' granting a concession for oil exploration to the company that would later be known by the name] of Aramco.

(A) authorities' granting a concession for oil exploration to the company that would later be known by the name of

(B) authorities' granting a concession for oil exploration to the company later to be known as named

(D) authorities to grant a concession for oil exploration to the company that later will be known as being

(E) authorities to grant a concession for oil exploration to the company later to be known as

■ Gsc3-2 ■ 230402sun

Most victims of infectious mononucleosis recover after a few weeks of listlessness, [but an unlucky few may suffer] for years.

(A) but an unlucky few may suffer

(B) and an unlucky few have suffered

(D) that a few being unlucky may suffer

(E) but a few who, being unlucky, suffered

■ Gsc3-1 ■ 230326sun

During the first one hundred fifty years of the existence of this republic, no one expected the press [was] fair; newspapers were mostly shrill, scurrilous, and partisan.

(A) was

(B) to be

(D) should be

(E) had to be

■ Gsc2-40 ■ 230322wed

The Mormons' interest in genealogy stems from [a belief as to family relationships being intended

to remain] eternal.

(A) a belief as to family relationships being intended to remain

(B) beliefs that family relationships are intended that they be

(D) their believing that family relationships intend to remain

(E) beliefs in family relationships intended to be

■ Gsc2-39 ■ 230319sun

Unlike grains, cotton, or tobacco, [spoilage is so quick with peanuts that farmers cannot store

them from year to year].

(A) spoilage is so quick with peanuts that farmers cannot store them from year to year

(B) because of quick spoilage, farmers cannot store peanuts from year to year

(D) peanuts cannot be stored by farmers from year to year because of quick spoilage

(E) peanuts spoil so quickly that farmers cannot store them from year to year

■ Gsc2-38 ■ 230315wed

Most meteoroids are reduced to small fragments when they encounter the lower layers of the

Earth's atmosphere because [of air friction's producing heat which melts away surface material].

(A) of air friction's producing heat which melts away surface material

(B) of heat produced by air friction melting away surface material

(D) the heat produced by air friction melts away their surface material

(E) surface material is melted away by air friction's producing heat

■ Gsc2-37 ■ 230312sun

Because the pesticide has been found to cause birth defects and fetal death in some animals, the federal Environmental Protection Agency is now considering [whether the evidence warrants restricting its use or removing it] from the market entirely.

(A) whether the evidence warrants restricting its use or removing it

(B) whether there is evidence that warrants a restriction of use or removal

(D) if there is evidence that warrants restriction of its use or removing it

(E) if the evidence warrants that its use be restricted or that it be removed

■ Gsc2-36 ■ 230308wed

Corporate finance committees do not plan the detailed activities of the various divisions in a

large firm, but [by their allocation of investment funds they make strategic judgments as to where the firm should expand].

(A) by their allocation of investment funds they make strategic judgments as to where the firm should expand

(B) when they allocate investment funds, they make strategic judgments about where the firm might be expanding

(D) by allocating investment funds, they will make strategic judgments about where the firm might be expanding

(E) allocations of investments funds as to where the firm should expand are their exercise in strategic judgment

■ Gsc2-35 ■ 230305sun

When scrap steel is recycled, energy is saved in the mining, transportation, and [processing of not only iron ore but also of coal and limestone].

(A) processing of not only iron ore but also of coal and limestone

(B) processing not only of iron ore but also of coal and limestone

(D) the processing of not only iron ore but of coal and limestone as well

(E) the processing of not iron ore only but of coal and limestone as well

■ Gsc2-34 ■ 230301wed

[Rejecting its argument that the Masters Dog Training Club's primary aim was to teach people to train dogs, the court ruled the club ineligible for tax exemption as an educational group].

(A) Rejecting its argument that the Masters Dog Training Club's primary aim was to teach people to train dogs, the court ruled the club ineligible for tax exemption as an educational group.

(B) In rejecting the Masters Dog Training Club's argument that their primary aim was to teach people to train dogs, the court ruled the club ineligible to be exempted of taxes as an educational group .

(C) Rejecting the argument that the primary aim of the Masters Dog Training Club was to teach people to train dogs, the court ruled that the club was ineligible for exemption from taxes as an educational group.

(D) The club was not to be exempted of taxes as an educational group, ruled the court by rejecting its argument that the primary aim of the Masters Dog Training Club was teaching people to train dogs.

(E) The court ruled the Masters Dog Training Club not eligible to be exempted from taxes as an educational group, rejecting the argument that the primary aim was to teach people to train dogs.

■ Gsc2-33 ■ 230226sun

According to a government study, the lush swamps and marshes of the Mississippi delta, among the finest wetlands in the world, are vanishing at a rate of 39 square miles a year, [as fast as two and a half times the rate that was] previously thought.

(A) as fast as two and a half times the rate that was

(B) two and a half times as fast as it had been

(D) a rate two and a half times as fast as

(E) which is a rate two and a half times faster than had been

■ Gsc2-32 ■ 230222wed

History has not been kind to Sara Teasdale, but she won a Pulitzer award and saw a book of her verse on the best-seller list, a feat [none of the poets of today will likely duplicate].

(A) none of the poets of today will likely duplicate

(B) no poet today is likely to duplicate

(D) poets of today are not likely to reduplicate

(E) likely to be unduplicated by poets of today

■ Gsc2-31 ■ 230219sun

Since laws reflect the concerns and values of their creators, the greater the differences between those [making the laws and those expected to obey the laws means a greater] probability of violations.

(A) making the laws and those expected to obey the laws means a greater

(B) making the laws and those expected to obey them increases the

(D) who make the laws and those who are expected to obey the laws, the greater the

(E) who make the laws and those who are expected to obey the laws increases the

■ Gsc2-30 ■ 230215wed

[Millions of workers have jobs that are able to be done as well at home as at the office, instead of

consuming the gasoline used to get to work.].

(A) Millions of workers have jobs that are able to be done as well at home as at the office, instead of consuming the gasoline used to get to work.

(B) Millions of workers have jobs that can be done as well at home as the office, rather than consume the gasoline they must use to get to work.

(C) Instead of consuming the gasoline used to get to work, millions of workers have jobs that are able to be done as well at home as at the office.

(D) Rather than consume the gasoline used to get to work, millions of workers can do their jobs as well at home as the office.

(E) Instead of using gasoline to get to work, millions of workers could do their jobs as well at home as at the office.

■ Gsc2-29 ■ 230212sun

[The rate of metabolism reactions of an organism of a complex nature is limited by the rate at which] waste products are removed through the animal's specialized circulatory and excretory systems.

(A) The rate of metabolism reactions of an organism of a complex nature is limited by the rate at which

(B) The rate of metabolic reactions in a complex organism is limited by the rate at which

(D) A complex organism's rate of metabolic reactions are limited by the rate at which

(E) A complex organism's rate of metabolism reactions is limited by the rate at which

■ Gsc2-28 ■ 230208wed

In the Ann Arbor court case, the parents of fifteen Black children successfully brought suit against the school system for, first of all, failing to take the children's vernacular into account in teaching them, and [secondary, for their failure that the children did not learn] to read Standard English.

(A) secondary, for their failure that the children did not learn

(B) secondly, for their failure to teach the children

(D) second, that they failed to teach the children

(E) second, failing to teach the children

■ Gsc2-27 ■ 230205sun

The versions of Spanish spoken in Madrid and in Buenos Aires are [as distinct one from the other as] the kinds of English spoken in Edinburgh and in Atlanta.

(A) as distinct one from the other as

(B) as distinct from each other as

(D) distinctive from each other as are

(E) as distinctive one from the other as

■ Gsc2-26 ■ 230201wed

To Adam Smith, economics was thought to have much to teach about the creation of wealth but relatively little about its distribution.

(A) To Adam Smith, economics was thought to have

(B) To Adam Smith's belief, economics has

(D) To Adam Smith's belief, economics had

(E) Economics, to Adam Smith's belief, has

■ Gsc2-25 ■230129sun

Baseball is unique [for the major sports because it is the only ball game in which the team does not have possession of the ball on offense] .

(A) for the major sports because it is the only ball game in which the team does not have possession of the ball on offense

(B) for the major sports in that it is the only ball game that the team on offense does not have possession of the ball

(D) among major sports in that it is the only ball game in which the team on offense does not have possession of the ball

(E) among the major sports by being the only ball game in which the team does not have possession of the ball on offense

■ Gsc2-24 ■191021mon

World oil prices would have to rise before companies could recover the costs of extracting Alaskan natural gas, [transportation to the Alaska coast, where it will go to processing plants there], and shipping it to markets in the lower United States.

(A) transportation to the Alaska coast, where it will go to processing plants there

(B) transportation to Alaska coast processing plants

(D) transporting it to the Alaska coast, where it will go to processing plants there

(E) transporting it to processing plants on the Alaska coast

■ GMAT scのルール

英文の一部ないし全体に下線があります。文法、用法、様式、簡潔性、明確性、論理整合性等の観点より、下線（括弧）に入る最適のものを、A～Eから選んでください。なお、Aは下線と同様です。参考：The Elements of Style　（解法に必要なほぼすべての鍵は、この1918年発行の小冊子にあります。大切なのは、その適用力です）

......................正解と解法のテクニック

Directions: Choose the best way to express the part in the bracket. (A is the same as the one in the bracket)

■ Gsc2-23 ■ 230122sun

President Carter urged that women as well as men be required to register for the draft.

(A) as well as men be

(B) as well as men are to be

(D) like men should be

(E) like men are to be

■ Gsc2-22 ■ 230118wed

An agrarian society such as the United States at the close of the eighteenth century could produce the food [needed so that they could sustain themselves, but not the tools for advancement and competition] with other nations.

(A) needed so that they could sustain themselves, but not the tools for advancement and competition

(B) needed for sustaining themselves, but not produce the tools for advancement and competition

(D) necessary to sustain itself, but not the tools to advance and compete

(E) necessary for it to sustain itself, but not produce the tools to advance and compete

■ Gsc2-21 ■ 230111

[Like that of Haydn] , Schubert also wrote a great deal for the stage, but he is remembered principally for his concert-hall and chamber music.

(A) Like that of Haydn

(B) Like Haydn's music

(D) Similar to Haydn

(E) Like Haydn

■ Gsc2-20 ■ 230111wed

Legislators from the state senate and assembly agreed on a bill to allow registered nurses who are specially trained to diagnose and treat illnesses without the direct supervision of a physician.

(A) to allow registered nurses who are specially trained to diagnose and treat

(B) to allow registered nurses with special training for diagnosing and treating

(D) that allows registered nurses who are trained specially to diagnose and treat

(E) that will allow those registered nurses who have been specially trained to diagnose

and treat

■ Gsc2-18 ■ 230108sun

Although low in per capita income, India is [among the ten most industrialized nations, among the only seven countries that have launched their own earth satellites, and among] the three countries that have the largest pools of technically trained persons.

(A) among the only seven countries that have launched their own earth satellites, and among

(B) the only seven countries to have launched their own earth satellites, and

(D) the seven countries that are the only ones that launched their own earth satellites, and

(E) the seven countries that have been the only ones to launch their own earth satellites, and

■ Gsc2-19 ■230104

When bitter managerial conflicts plague a small company, [conflicts that in the past might have led to dissolution of the business, executives are likely to] turn to outside professional counselors to help resolve disagreements.

(A) conflicts plague a small company, conflicts that in the past might have led to dissolution of the business, executives are likely to

(B) conflicts plague a small company, conflicts that might have in the past led to its dissolution, executives likely will

(C) conflicts plague a small company, which in the past might have led to the business' dissolution, executives are liable to

(D) conflicts, which in the past might have led to dissolution of the business, plague a small company, executives are liable to

(E) conflicts, which in the past might have led to its dissolution, plague a small company, executives tend to

■ Gsc2-17 ■ 230102

The profile of the typical family in the United States is changing: a recent study shows that for the past decade, more children [had mothers who were employed than had not].

(A) had mothers who were employed than had not

(B) have had employed mothers than had not

(D) than not have had mothers who were employed

(E) than not had mothers employed

■ Gsc2-16 ■ 221228wed

Much of the hope for continued improvement of the economy lies in the projection of increasing consumer spending this year.

(A) projection of increasing consumer spending

(B) projection of consumers increasing spending for

(D) consumer spending that is projected to increase

(E) increase in consumer spending that is projected for

■ Gsc2-15 ■221225sun

Reports that a carcinogenic substance, ethylene dibromide, [has been found in flour, pancake mixes, and other widely used food products is] being investigated by the Environmental Protection Agency.

(A) has been found in flour, pancake mixes, and other widely used food products is

(B) has been found in flour, pancake mixes, and other widely used food products are

(D) that was found in flour, pancake mixes, and other widely used food products is

(E) that has been found in flour, pancake mixes, and other widely used food products are

■ Gsc2-14 ■221221wed

In twelfth-century Baghdad, Shuhda became a great religious scholar, and [men as well as women had attended her lectures].

(A) men as well as women had attended her lectures

(B) there were men who attended her lectures as well as women

(D) her lectures were given to men as well as women

(E) her lectures were given to both men and women

■ Gsc2-13 ■221218sun

The average human life span is [less than forty years, except in areas where] improvements in health care and preventive medicine have raised life expectancy to past the age of seventy.

(A) less than forty years, except in areas where

(B) fewer than forty years, excepting in areas where

(D) fewer than forty years, except for those areas that

(E) less than forty years, excepting for those areas in which

■ Gsc2-12 221214wed

The huge painted temples, the canals and cause-ways, the palaces and markets, the orderliness and cleanliness?everything about Tenochtitlan [impressed Cortes so that he compared] it favorably with the great cities of Spain.

(A) impressed Cortes so that he compared

(B) so impressed Cortes to compare

(D) so impressed Cortes that he compared

(E) impressed Cortes so as to compare

■ Gsc2-11 ■221211sun

Pediatricians [ having observed the practice of both older and younger colleagues contend that older pediatricians are likely to overlook evidence of child abuse and they therefore diagnose ] it less often.

(A) having observed the practice of both older and younger colleagues contend that older pediatricians are likely to overlook evidence of child abuse and they therefore diagnose

(B) having observed the practice of both older and younger colleagues contend that older pediatricians likely overlook evidence of child abuse and therefore diagnose

(C) who have observed the practice of both older and younger colleagues contend that the older pediatrician is likely to overlook evidence of child abuse and they therefore diagnose

(D) who have observed the practice of both older and younger colleagues contend that the older pediatrician likely overlooks evidence of child abuse and therefore they diagnose

(E) who have observed the practice of both older and younger colleagues contend that the older pediatrician is likely to overlook evidence of child abuse and therefore diagnoses

■ Gsc2-10 ■221207wed

Many savings and loan institutions are suffering because they are forced to pay at least 10 percent [or more interest to attract deposits and carry many mortgages not earning] 9 percent.

(A) or more interest to attract deposits and carry many mortgages not earning

(B) or more interest to attract deposits but carry many mortgages that earn less than

(D) interest for attracting deposits while carrying many mortgages not earning

(E) interest for attracting deposits but carry many mortgages that earn less than

■ Gsc2-9 ■221204sun

[Decaying at the present rate, experts say that the Great Sphinx could be reduced by desert winds and corrosive salts to dust in five or six centuries.]

(A) Decaying at the present rate, experts say that the Great Sphinx could be reduced by desert winds and corrosive salts to dust in five or six centuries.

(B) Decaying at the present rate, desert winds and corrosive salts could reduce the Great Sphinx to dust in five or six centuries, experts say.

(C) At the present rate of decay, in five or six centuries experts say the Great Sphinx could be reduced by desert winds and corrosive salts to dust.

(D) At the present rate of decay, desert winds and corrosive salts in five or six centuries, experts say, could reduce the Great Sphinx to dust.

(E) At the present rate of decay, experts say, the Great Sphinx could be reduced to dust in five or six centuries by desert winds and corrosive salts.

■ Gsc2-7 ■ 221127sun

[The ambassador rarely has] great importance in the age of telecommunications; since virtually all policies are made in their own countries, their jobs entail more show than substance.

(A) The ambassador rarely has

(B) It is rare that an ambassador is of

(D) It is rare that there is an ambassador who has

(E) Ambassadors rarely have

■ Gsc2-6 ■221123wed

High-yield grains require large quantities of fertilizer and pesticides, extensive irrigation systems, and [ever more expensive fuel for pumping] water and running machinery.

(A) ever more expensive fuel for pumping

(B) ever more expensive fuels that pump

(D) fuel, ever more expensive, pumping

(E) fuels, ever more expensive, that pump

■ Gsc2-5 ■221120sun

The proposals for commercial and residential building in the area have been scaled down because of a disagreement between commercial planners [and the regional planning commission over if continued growth will hasten the decline of] neighboring cities.

(A) and the regional planning commission over if continued growth will hasten the decline of

(B) with the regional planning commission over if continued growth will hasten decline in

(D) with the regional planning commission over whether continued growth will hasten the declension in

(E) and the regional planning commission about continued growth hastening declension in

■ Gsc2-3 ■221113sun

Approximately 200 companies in the United States are now using the new technology of gene splicing to make products that [may be able someday to do everything from boosting crop growth to the treatment of] cancer.

(A) may be able someday to do everything from boosting crop growth to the treatment of

(B) may someday be able to do everything from boosting crop growth to treating

(D) can, perhaps, someday do everything from the boosting of the growth of crops to treating

(E) can someday perhaps do everything from boosting the growth of crops to the treatment of

■ Gsc2-2 ■221109wed

The glittering wealth of Venice was attributable [not so much to exotic spices as to commonplace salt], a commodity Venetians exchanged in Constantinople for the spices of Asia.

(A) not so much to exotic spices as to commonplace salt,

(B) not so much to exotic spices but rather it was to commonplace salt,

(D) to commonplace salt not so much as to exotic spices,

(E) not to exotic spices so much as to commonplace salt, and

■ Gsc2-1 ■221106sun

By the end of the Civil War there were 179,000 Black soldiers in the Union army, and, together with Blacks in the navy, [having accounted for nearly] 10 percent of the Union's armed forces.

(A) having accounted for nearly

(B) they accounted for nearly

(D) accounting for up to nearly

(E) they had accounted for near

■ Gsc1-40 ■221031wed

As late as the eighteenth century, the rank of guests at a banquet was gauged as to where they sat relative to an often elaborate saltcellar on the table.

(A) as to where they sat relative to

(B) as to where they would sit relative with

(D) by where they sat in relation to

(E) in where they sat in relation to

■ Gsc1-39 ■221030sun

County waste disposal site selection has been a bitter debate between local municipalities, the board of county commissioners, and neighbors of the proposed sites.

(A) County waste disposal site selection has been a bitter debate between

(B) There has been a bitter debate over county waste disposal site selection by

(D) Selection of a site for the disposal of wastes in the county has caused bitter debate among

(E) Site selection for waste disposal in the county has been a bitter debate among

■ Gsc1-38 ■221026wed

Of all the great non-Western classical music traditions, India is perhaps best known to American audiences.

(A) India is perhaps best known to American audiences

(B) American audiences perhaps know India the best

(D) India's is perhaps the one best known to American audiences

(E) that of India is perhaps the one better known to American audiences

■ Gsc1-37 ■221023sun

The pattern of economic crisis in the developing countries is ominously familiar to what happened in the industrial countries in the Great Depression.

(A) familiar to what happened

(B) similar with the occurrences

(D) familiar to the occurrences

(E) reminiscent to what happened

■ Gsc1-36 ■221019wed

Heavy and prolonged use of cocaine can lead to psychological dependence, the symptoms of which are similar to narcotics dependence.

(A) the symptoms of which are similar to narcotics dependence

(B) the symptoms of which are similar to those of dependence on narcotics

(D) which has the symptoms similar to those of narcotics dependence

(E) which has symptoms similar to narcotics dependence

■ Gsc1-35 ■221016sun

Dr. Shirmer was cited for her pioneering research on [the interacting of disease agents with their carriers].

(A) the interacting of disease agents with their carriers

(B) disease agents' interactions with their carriers

(D) disease agents, their carriers, and their interaction

(E) carriers and their interaction with disease agents

■ Gsc1-34 ■221012wed

Under Sweden's antiquities law, when farmers building a new barn will strike a Viking site, they cannot complete the building until an archaeologist excavates the site at the farmer's expense.

(A) when farmers building a new barn will strike a Viking site, they

(B) farmers building a new barn and striking a Viking site

(D) should a farmer who is building a new barn have struck a Viking site, they

(E) a farmer who strikes a Viking site while building a new barn

■ Gsc1-33 ■221009sun

There seems to be a broad range of international policy issues on which [the views of France's Socialist president are more compatible with President Reagan's than were those of his predecessor].

(A) the views of France's Socialist president are more compatible with President Reagan's than were those of his predecessor

(B) the views of France's Socialist president seem more compatible with those of President Reagan than were those of his predecessor's

(D) France's Socialist president's views are more compatible with President Reagan's than his predecessor's

(E) France's Socialist president's views seem more compatible with President Reagan's than those of his predecessor

■ Gsc1-31 ■221002sun

[Both Muslims and Karaites face toward a holy city while praying, but unlike the Muslims that turn toward Mecca, the Karaites turn] toward Jerusalem.

(A) Both Muslims and Karaites face toward a holy city while praying, but unlike the Muslims that turn

(B) Muslims and Karaites face toward a holy city while praying, but unlike the Muslims turning

(D) Similar to Muslims, Karaites face toward a holy city while praying too, and whereas the Muslims turn

(E) Like Muslims, Karaites face toward a holy city while praying, but whereas the Muslims turn

■Gsc1-30■ 220928wed

Although it is the parent who is at fault in neglect and abuse cases, it is the children that are shipped off either to an institution or turned into an orphan, and that is left to wander from one foster home to the next.

(A) children that are shipped off either to an institution or turned into an orphan, and that is left to wander from one foster home to the next

(B) children that are either shipped off to an institution or turned into orphans and left to wander from one foster home to the other

(C) children who may be either shipped off to an institution or turned into orphans, and that are left to wander from one foster home to the next

(D) child who is either shipped off to an institution or turned into an orphan, left to wander from one foster home to another

(E) child who may either be shipped off to an institution or turned into an orphan, left wandering from one foster home to another

■Gsc1-28■ 220921wed

According to Einstein's theory of relativity, light rays are deflected by the gravity of a nearby massive body, an observable effect as a star appears to shift position when its light passes near the Sun.

(A) an observable effect as a star appears to shift position when

(B) an effect observed as the appearance of a shift in the position of a star while

(D) which can be observed when a star appears to shift its position during the time

(E) observable when a star appears to undergo a shift in position while

■Gsc1-27■220918sun

The Egyptian Coptic church, one of the oldest Christian communities in the world, traces its spiritual heritage to the preaching of St. Mark, and owing to a fourth-century theological dispute they have had little contact with the rest of the world's Christians for more than fifteen hundred years.

(A) and owing to a fourth-century theological dispute they have had

(B) but because of a fourth-century theological dispute it has had

(D) but on account of a fourth-century theological dispute there has been

(E) and due to the fact that there was a fourth-century theological dispute there was

■Gsc1-26■ 220914wed

The controversy over if women are to register for the draft was rekindled by the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan.

(A) over if women are to register

(B) over whether women should register

(D) about whether women will register

(E) about women being registered

■Gsc1-25■ 220911sun

When high interest rates cause the value of the United States dollar to rise relative to other countries, it makes the exports of other countries become cheaper to buy in the United States and United States exports become more expensive in other countries.

(A) countries, it makes the exports of other countries become

(B) countries, both the exports of other countries become

(D) currencies, it both makes the exports of other countries become

(E) currencies, the exports of other countries become

■Gsc1-24■ 220907wed

It was the demand for labor in the burgeoning industries of the United States that obliged its leaders, sometimes grudgingly, to open the ports of the country to the people of Europe.

(A) that obliged its leaders, sometimes grudgingly, to open

(B) obliging its leaders, grudgingly at times, that they open

(D) having obliged its leaders, at times grudgingly, to open

(E) that has obliged its leaders, sometimes grudgingly, opening

■Gsc1-23■ 220904sun

Considered the greatest of Dutch landscape artists, "View of Haarlem" was painted by van Ruisdael about 1670.

(A) "View of Haarlem" was painted by van Ruisdael

(B) "View of Haarlem" was a painting of van Ruisdael's done

(D) van Ruisdael painted "View of Haarlem"

(E) van Ruisdael's "View of Haarlem" was painted

■Gsc1-22■ 220831wed

High-yield grains are particularly vulnerable to insects and disease.

(A) particularly vulnerable to

(B) in particular vulnerable to

(D) in particular vulnerable from

(E) vulnerable particularly against

■Gsc1-21■220828sun

The notion of multiple personalities was always more readily accepted in popular books and movies than psychiatrists and other doctors did.

(A) than psychiatrists and other doctors did

(B) than it was by psychiatrists and other doctors

(D) as it was by psychiatrists and other doctors

(E) than do psychiatrists and other doctors

■Gsc1-20 ■ 220824wed

[Covered with low shrubs, the quality of the land along the seashore is sandy and unsuitable for agricultural use].

(A) Covered with low shrubs, the quality of the land along the seashore is sandy and unsuitable for agricultural use.

(B) Covered with low shrubs, the land along the seashore is sandy and unsuitable for agriculture.

(D) The land along the seashore is covered with low shrubs, sandy, and is unsuitable for agriculture.

(E) The quality of the land along the seashore, covered with low shrubs, is sandy and unsuitable for agricultural use.

■Gsc1-19■ 220821sun

As vital as their igloos, which permit the Innuits to live in reasonable comfort in an icy land, and just as ingenious, [are their winter clothing, so perfect in design and material that the Innuits are made nearly impervious against] any arctic weather.

(A) are their winter clothing, so perfect in design and material that the Innuits are made nearly impervious against

(B) are the winter clothing of the Innuits, so perfect in design and material that they are made nearly impervious to

(D) is the winter clothing of the Innuits, so perfect in design and material as to make them nearly impervious against

(E) has been the winter clothing of the Innuits, so perfect in design and material as to be made nearly impervious to

■Gsc1-17■ 220814sun

Compared with the nuclear arsenal of the United States, [the Soviet Union has fewer but considerably larger intercontinental warheads at its disposal].

(A) the Soviet Union has fewer but considerably larger intercontinental warheads at its disposal

(B) the Soviet Union has at its disposal less numerous but considerably larger intercontinental warheads

(D) the Soviet Union's less numerous but considerably larger intercontinental warheads are at its disposal

(E) there are less numerous but considerably larger intercontinental warheads at the Soviet Union's disposal

■Gsc1-16■ 220810wed

On a Chippewa reservation in Wisconsin, young members of the tribe are using computers [for learning their ancient language that was nearly forgotten].

(A) for learning their ancient language that was nearly forgotten

(B) for learning their ancient language that they nearly forgot

(D) to learn their ancient and nearly forgotten language

(E) to learn their language that was ancient and nearly forgotten

■Gsc1-15 ■ 220807sun

A summary of both the Uniform Crime Reports of the Federal Bureau of Investigation and the victimization reports for the last decade [show that while the number of] police reports of serious crime has risen steadily, the number of victims of crime remains about the same.

(A) show that while the number of

(B) show while

(D) shows while the number of

(E) shows that while the number of

■Gsc1-14■ 220803wed

The tissues of the human body are constantly moistened by a briny solution thought [to be of about the same salinity as the primordial sea from which] life emerged.

(A) to be of about the same salinity as the primordial sea from which

(B) of as about the same salinity like the primordial sea out of which

(D) of as about the same salinity as the primordial sea from where

(E) to be of about the same salinity like the primordial sea from which

■Gsc1-12　220727wed

Syosz argues that in the Dreyfus case the judicial system was used to convict a demonstrably innocent man but that in the Draper case the judicial system [had been used for exonerating a person who can be demonstrated to be guilty].

(A) had been used for exonerating a person who can be demonstrated to be guilty

(B) was used for exonerating a person who could be demonstrated to be guilty

(D) was used to exonerate a demonstrably guilty one

(E) has been used for the exoneration of a demonstrably guilty person

■Gsc1-11■220724sun

The newspaper story accurately recounted the history of the colonial [mansion, that it contained thirteen rooms, and that it had a reputation for being a haunted house].

(A) mansion, that it contained thirteen rooms, and that it had a reputation for being a haunted house

(B) mansion, that it contained thirteen rooms, and that it had a reputation of being haunted

(D) mansion, said that it contained thirteen rooms and had a reputation for being a haunted house

(E) mansion and said that the mansion contained thirteen rooms and had the reputation of being haunted

Gsc1-10■220720wed

[ Although the Arabs in Israel are allowed to vote in Israeli elections, only about ten percent do so ].

(A) Although the Arabs in Israel are allowed to vote in Israeli elections, only about ten percent do so.

(B) Although it is allowed, only about ten percent of the Arabs in Israel vote in Israeli elections.

(D) Only about ten percent of the Arabs in Israel vote in Israeli elections, despite being allowed to.

(E) Only about ten percent of the Arabs in Israel vote in Israeli elections, in spite of their being allowed to do so.

Gsc1-09 220717sun

On the average, meat and fish represent 21 percent of an American's diet but only 8 percent of [ Russians ].

(A) Russians

(B) a diet in Russia

(D) the diet of the Russians

(E) a Russian's

Gsc1-07■220710sun

When doctors attempt to diagnose an illness, they look for ways in which the patient's symptoms resemble those of one disease and are different than those of another.

(A) and are different than those of another

(B) and differs from others

(D) but are different than that of the other

(E) but are different from those of the others

Gsc1-06 220706wed

The price of rice, which was fourteen dollars a hundredweight in 1981, will plunge, so it is expected, to a mere seven or eight dollars this year.

(A) will plunge, so it is expected, to a mere

(B) will plunge, so the expectation is, to merely

(D) is to plunge, as is expected, to a mere

(E) is expected to plunge to a mere

■Gsc1-04 220619wed

[The economic problem Puerto Rico has is, properly characterized, a surplus of labor, not overpopulation, and it only was] aggravated when the massive influx of capital that took place under Operation Bootstrap resulted in a notable decline in the demand for labor.

(A) The economic problem Puerto Rico has is, properly characterized, a surplus of labor, not overpopulation, and it only was

(B) Properly characterized, the economic problem Peen Rico has is a surplus of labor, not overpopulation, and it only was

(C) The economic problem of Puerto Rico is properly characterized not as overpopulation but as a surplus of labor, which was only

(D) The economic problem of Puerto Rico is, properly characterized, a surplus of labor, not overpopulation, which only was

(E) Puerto Rico has, properly characterized, the economic problem of a surplus of labor, not overpopulation, and it was only

■Gsc1-03 220625sun

Mary Allenbee's lawyer decided that [the names of those who received her large political contributions not to be revealed] to the congressional investigators.

(A) the names of those who received her large political contributions not to be revealed

(B) the names of the recipients of her large political contributions would not be revealed

(D) there would be no revelation of the names of those recipients of her large political contributions

(E) the names of those who had received her large political contributions was not going to be revealed

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★ Grammar

★ Conciseness

■Gsc1-02 220622wed

The papers in the National Archives recounting the experiences of some 200,000 Black men who joined the Union forces during the Civil War have been prepared [to be published by] the historian Ira Berlin.

(A) to be published by

(B) for publication by

(D) as the publication of

(E) for the publication by

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★ Clarity

★ Diction

■Gsc1-01 220619sun

Real family income excluding the effects of inflation, [has rapidly risen from 1960 up to 1970 but virtually does not change from 1970 up] to 1980.

(A) has rapidly risen from 1960 up to 1970 but virtually does not change from 1970 up

(B) arose with rapidity from 1960 up to 1970 and was virtually unchanged from 1970 up

(D) rose rapidly from 1960 to 1970 but was virtually unchanged from 1970

(E) rapidly rises from 1960 to 1970 and virtually is unchangeable from 1970

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★ Parallelism: from-to

★ Tense

" The eyes only see what the mind lets them. " ( Houdini&Doyle1 1 44:07 ) 220619sun

■ Gsc8-30 ■ 220615wed

Senior executives of the Elektra Corporation have decided on undertaking a revised strategy that will be likely to put greater emphasis on the firm's merchant banking activities than on securities trading.

(A) on undertaking a revised strategy that will be

(B) on undertaking a revision of strategy that is

(D) to undertake a revised strategy that is

(E) to undertake a revision of strategy that would be

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★ Diction: be likely to

■ Gsc8-29 ■ 220610sun

While consumer groups have become alarmed over the high rates of interest on purchases made with certain credit cards, there has been no significant decline in demanding or using them.

(A) no significant decline in demanding or using them

(B) no significant decline in the demand for or use of such cards

(D) a significant decline neither in demanding such cards, nor in the use of them

(E) a significant decline neither in demanding or using such cards

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★ Parallelism: neither nor

★ Diction

■ Gsc8-28 ■ 220609wed

In the United States, more than half of all arrests for serious crimes against property are [of 20 year olds or younger].

(A) of 20 year olds or younger

(B) 20 years old or younger

(D) persons 20 years old or less

(E) 20 years old or less

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★ Trick!

★ Parallelism

■ Gsc8-27 ■ 220605sun

[The Statue of Liberty’s defects in its supporting structure that led to its deterioration] have been corrected, according to a firm of consulting engineers.

(A) The Statue of Liberty’s defects in its supporting structure that led to its deterioration

(B) The Statue of Liberty’s defects in its supporting structure, leading to its deterioration

(D) The defects that the Statue of Liberty had in its supporting structure that led to its deterioration

(E) The defects in the supporting structure of the Statue of Liberty which led to its deterioration

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★ Reference

★ Misplaced Modifier

■ Gsc8-26 ■ 220601wed

The regulations require that the union [represent all the employees in the bargaining unit, if they are members or not].

(A) represent all the employees in the bargaining unit, if they are members or not

(B) represent all the employees in the bargaining unit, whether they are members or not

(D) would represent all the employees in the bargaining unit, whether they are or are not members

(E) should be representative of all the employees in the bargaining unit, if they are members or not

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★ Diction: whether vs if

★ Diction: require

■ Gsc8-25 ■ 220529sun

It appeared that the operation could safely be delayed, and the patient was therefore given the choice [of waiting two or three weeks or would he like to proceed] immediately to surgery.

(A) of waiting two or three weeks or would he like to proceed

(B) to wait two or three weeks unless he would like to proceed

(D) of waiting two or three weeks or proceeding

(E) to wait two or three weeks or proceeding

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★ Parallelism

★ Diction: choice

■ Gsc8-24 ■ 220525wed

Women working outside the home continue to earn only about two-thirds [of working men].

(A) of working men

(B) of the amount of working men

(D) of the amount earned by working men

(E) what has been earned by working men

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★ Parallelism

■ Gsc8-38 ■ 220504wed

[In London that afforded its playwrights only two theaters], Aphra Behn, by 1687, had had 17 of her plays staged in as many years.

(A) In London that afforded its playwrights only two theaters,

(B) In a London that afforded its playwrights only two theaters,

(D) Only two theaters were afforded by London to its playwrights, and

(E) Two theaters only were afforded by London for its playwrights, and

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★ Trick: 固有名詞London

★ Conciseness/ Clarity

■ Gsc8-39 ■ 220508sun

Used primarily in the past to store, retrieve, and manipulate data, [computers at the Federal Bureau of Investigation are now being asked to make judgments and for suggesting] courses of action for agents to pursue.

(A) computers at the Federal Bureau of Investigation are now being asked to make judgments and for suggesting

(B) computers at the Federal Bureau of Investigation are now being asked to make judgments and suggest

(D) the Federal Bureau of Investigation is now asking that computers make judgments and suggest

(E) the Federal Bureau of Investigation is now asking computers for judgments and suggestions for

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★ Dangling Modifier

★ Parallelism

■ Gsc8-38 ■ 220504wed

[In London that afforded its playwrights only two theaters], Aphra Behn, by 1687, had had 17 of her plays staged in as many years.

(A) In London that afforded its playwrights only two theaters,

(B) In a London that afforded its playwrights only two theaters,

(D) Only two theaters were afforded by London to its playwrights, and

(E) Two theaters only were afforded by London for its playwrights, and

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★ Trick: 固有名詞London

★ Conciseness/ Clarity

■ Gsc8-37 ■ 220501sun

Many companies in the pollution-control industry, which [until a few years ago has prospered on account of a national concern for environmental controls, has] recently experienced sharp drops in sales and profits.

(A) until a few years ago has prospered on account of a national concern for environmental controls, has

(B) up until a few years ago, when prospering on account of a national concern for environmental controls, have

(D) up until a few years ago have prospered because of a national concern for environmental controls, has

(E) until a few years ago had prospered because of a national concern for environmental controls, has

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★ Agreement: Singular/ Plural

★ Conciseness

■ Gsc8-36 ■ 220427wed

American Indians point out that they are not one body: they speak hundreds of different languages, and they are probably more different [from one another than people who live in various European capitals].

(A) from one another than people who live in various European capitals

(B) from one another than are people who live in the various capitals of Europe

(D) than people who live in various capitals of Europe from each other

(E) from each other as people living in the various capitals of Europe

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★ Parallelism ( more )

★ Diction ( different )

■ Gsc8-35 ■ 220425sun

For over forty years Carleen Maley Hutchins has painstakingly analyzed the acoustical secrets of the best violins and [builds instruments for testing] her findings.

(A) builds instruments for testing

(B) has built instruments as tests for

(D) will build instruments that test

(E) would build instruments in testing

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★ Parallelism ( and)

★ Conciseness

■ Gsc8-33 ■ 220417sun

[Eight years after they were saved from bankruptcy a sudden turnaround, the Senay Corporation is] again encountering sluggish sales, mounting competition, and deep losses.

(A) Eight years after they were saved from bankruptcy by a sudden turnaround, the Senay Corporation is

(B) Eight years before the Senay Corporation was saved from bankruptcy by a sudden turnaround, now they are

(D) Eight years after a sudden turnaround saved it from bankruptcy, the Senay Corporation is

(E) After the Senay Corporation had been saved from bankruptcy eight years before by a sudden turnaround, it is

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★ Reference: they

★ Grammar

★ Tense

■ Gsc8-32 ■ 220413wed

In the 1890's workers were drawn to Miami from the Bahamas by the promise [of the resort hotels that would have work for them].

(A) of the resort hotels that would have work for them

(B) of there being work for them in the resort hotels

(D) for working in the resort hotels

(E) to have work in the resort hotels

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★ Diction: promise

■ Gsc8-31 ■ 220410sun

William Sydney Porter, who began writing while he was in prison for embezzlement, [was seeking anonymity when he chose] the pseudonym O. Henry.

(A) was seeking anonymity when he chose

(B) was seeking that he might be anonymous when he chose

(D) sought anonymity in the choosing of

(E) sought to be anonymous in that he chose

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★ Conciseness

★ Clarity

■ Gsc8-20 ■ 22046wed

A natural response of communities devastated by earthquake or flood is to rebuild on the same site, [overlooking the possibility that the forces that caused it could be repeated].

(A) overlooking the possibility that the forces that caused it could be repeated

(B) overlooking the possibility that the forces causing it could be repeated

(D) without considering that the forces causing the disaster could be repeated

(E) without considering that the forces that caused the disaster could also cause another such disaster

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★ Reference: it

★ Clarity

■ Gsc8-19 ■ 220403wed

Unlike their close cousins the blue jays, which demonstrate raucous, aggressive, selfish, and very individualistic habits,[ the behavior of the Mexican jay has been found to be] quiet, cooperative, communal, and even altruistic.

(A) the behavior of the Mexican jay has been found to be

(B) the Mexican jay's behavior has been found

(D) Mexican jays have been found to be

(E) the Mexican jay has been found

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★ Agreement

★ Diction/ Parallelism ( unlike )

■ Gsc8-18 ■ 220330wed

A "standard candle" is a light source whose intrinsic luminosity is [so well known that the extent to which its brightness has been dimmed by distance can] be used as an astronomical yardstick.

(A) so well known that the extent to which its brightness has been dimmed by distance can

(B) so well known that the extent of its brightness that is dimmed by distance can

(D) sufficiently well known for the extent of its brightness that has been dimmed by distance to

(E) sufficiently well known for the extent that distance has dimmed its brightness to

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★ Diction ( so-that)

★ Diction ( extent)

■ Gsc8-17 ■ 220327sun

[When deprived of carbohydrates, its preferred fuel, the body is forced to burn fats and protein for energy, thus causing] the formation of fatigue inducing toxins.

(A) When deprived of carbohydrates, its preferred fuel, the body is forced to burn fats and protein for energy, thus causing

(B) When deprived of carbohydrates, which are the body's preferred fuel, it is thus forced to burn fats and protein for energy, which causes

(C) When deprived of its preferred fuel, which are carbohydrates, the body is forced to burn fats and protein for energy, and thus causes

(D) The body is forced to burn fats and protein for energy when deprived of carbohydrates, its preferred fuel, which thus causes

(E) The body's preferred fuel is carbohydrates, and when deprived of them it is thus forced to burn fats and protein for energy, causing

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★ Reference

■ Gsc8-16 ■ 220323wed

Born Janet Miriam Taylor Caldwell near Manchester, England, on September 7, 1900, [her family moved to the United States when the future author was six].

(A) her family moved to the United States when the future author was six

(B) her family then moved, when the future author was six, to the United States

(D) when the future author was age six, her family moved to the United States

(E) the future author moved with her family to the United States at age six

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★Dangling Modifier

■ Gsc8-15 ■ 220320sun

The Parthenon is larger than [usual] for a Doric temple, with eight columns on the short sides and

seventeen on the long ones rather than the typical six and thirteen.

(A) usual

(B) is usual

(D) one usually is

(E) it is usual

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★ Diction : usual

■ Gsc8-13 220313sun

Black History Month is observed in February, the month of Lincoln's birthday and the generally accepted month of Frederick Douglass' birth, [since they were each] primary figures in the abolition of slavery.

(A) since they were each

(B) who were both

(D) both of whom were

(E) each of whom was one of the

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★ Reference

■ Gsc8-12 220309wed

A pattern of accidents, of personnel problems, and of low performance ratings for mechanical systems [have marked the servicing and maintaining] of the new power plant.

(A) have marked the servicing and maintaining

(B) have marked the servicing and maintenance

(D) has marked the service and maintaining

(E) has marked the servicing and maintenance

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★Agreement

■ Gsc8-11 ■ 220306sun

Some surveys on the use of graphics in business presentations indicate that proposals incorporating graphics stand [a twenty percent better chance of being approved than proposals] without graphics.

(A) a twenty percent better chance of being approved than proposals

(B) a twenty percent better chance of approval in comparison with those

(D) a twenty percent greater likelihood of approval as compared to proposals

(E) twenty percent more likelihood of being approved than do those

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★Comparison

■ Gsc8-10 ■ 220302wed

[Sharply fewer ducks are expected to migrate south this fall and may be] the lowest figure on record according to United States and Canadian wildlife experts.

(A) Sharply fewer ducks are expected to migrate south this fall and may be

(B) It is expected that sharply fewer ducks will migrate south this fall and will perhaps be

(D) The number of ducks that will migrate south this fall is expected to drop sharply, perhaps to

(E) A sharp drop is expected in the number of ducks that will migrate south this fall, which may be

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★Diction

★Redundancy

■ Gsc8-8 ■ 220223wed

A report by the American Medical Association indicates that a surge in the number of malpractice suits began about ten years ago and [efforts to contain it since then had been only partially successful].

(A) efforts to contain it since then had been only partially successful

(B) efforts since then to contain it were only successful in part

(D) that efforts to contain it since then only have been partially successful

(E) that efforts to contain it since then were only successful in part

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★Tense

★Misplaced Modifier

■ Gsc8-7 ■ 220220sun

A former director of the Central Intelligence Agency has said that the surveillance capabilities of United States satellites would enable a skilled photographic interpreter to distinguish [between Guernsey and Hereford cows grazing] in a meadow.

(A) between Guernsey and Hereford cows grazing

(B) between Guernseys and Hereford cows that graze

(D) among Guernsey and Hereford cows as they graze

(E) Guernseys from Hereford cows grazing

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★Diction (between vs among)

★Parallelism

■ Gsc8-6 ■ 220216wed

People concerned about telltale signs of age on the face should know that cigarette smoking seems to have two damaging effects: [it not only hastens wrinkling of the skin, and it also apparently interferes] with the healing process after a face lift.

(A) it not only hastens wrinkling of the skin, and it also apparently interferes

(B) it not only hastens the wrinkling of the skin, but it also appears that it interferes

(D) not only does it hasten the wrinkling of the skin, but it also appears to interfere

(E) not only is wrinkling of the skin hastened, but it appears to interfere

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★Diction (not only-)

★Clarity

■ Gsc8-4 ■ 220209wed

[The last years of Booker T. Washington, regarded to be the most influential Black leader of his time, were devoted] to building a political power base that extended far beyond the confines of the Tuskegee Institute.

(A) The last years of Booker T. Washington, regarded to be the most influential Black leader of his time, were devoted

(B) Regarded to be the most influential Black leader of his time, Booker T. Washington's last years were devoted

(D) Being regarded as the most influential Black leader of his time, Booker T. Washington had devoted his last years

(E) Booker T. Washington, regarded as the most influential Black leader of his time, devoted his last years

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★Diction

★Conciseness

■ Gsc8-3 ■ 220206sun

Arguments against using children as courtroom witnesses are often predicated on the unproved assumption that children's memories are more malleable and less trustworthy than [adults].

(A) adults

(B) that of an adult

(D) those of adults

(E) adults are

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★ Parallelism

■ Gsc8-2 ■ 220202wed

Until recently, athletes who had received remuneration for any activity [that has a link to their athletic prowess is] barred from the Olympics.

(A) that has a link to their athletic prowess is

(B) with links to their athletic prowess has been

(D) with a link to their athletic prowess is to be

(E) linked to their athletic prowess were

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★ Agreement

■ Gsc8-1 ■ 220130sun

Many American cities have been unsuccessful in their efforts [to move mental patients out of mammoth asylums and that treat] them in their local communities.

(A) to move mental patients out of mammoth asylums and that treat

(B) to move mental patients out of mammoth asylums and treat

(D) which move mental patients out of mammoth asylums to treat

(E) moving mental patients out of mammoth asylums and that treat

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★ Parallelism

■ Gsc7-39 ■ 220123sun

India is a country with at least fifty major regional languages, [of whom fourteen have official recognition].

(A) of whom fourteen have official recognition

(B) fourteen that have official recognition

(D) fourteen that are officially recognized

(E) among whom fourteen have official recognition

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★ Diction

■ Gsc7-37 ■ 220116sun

The unskilled workers at the Allenby plant realized that their hourly rate of $4.11 to $4.75 was better than [many nearby factory wages].

(A) many nearby factory wages

(B) many wages in nearby factories

(D) it is in many nearby factories

(E) that offered by many nearby factories

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★ Parallelism

★ Tense

■ Gsc7-36 ■ 220112wed

In the traditional Japanese household, most clothing could be packed [flatly, and so it was not necessary to have elaborate closet facilities].

(A) flatly, and so it was not necessary to have elaborate closet facilities

(B) flat, and so elaborate closet facilities were unnecessary

(D) flat, there being no necessity for elaborate closet facilities

(E) flatly, as no elaborate closet facilities were necessary

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★ Conciseness

★ Clarity

■ Gsc7-35 ■220109sun

By installing special electric pumps, farmers' houses could be heated by the warmth from cows' milk, according to one agricultural engineer.

(A) farmers' houses could be heated by the warmth from cows' milk, according to one agricultural engineer

(B) the warmth from cows' milk could be used by farmers to heat their houses, according to one agricultural engineer

(D) farmers, according to one agricultural engineer, could use the warmth from cows' milk to heat their houses

(E) one agricultural engineer reports that farmers' houses could be heated by the warmth from cows' milk

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★ Parallelism

★ Clarity

■ Gsc7-34 ■ 220105wed

Originally published in 1950, Some Tame Gazelle was Barbara Pym's first novel, but it [does not read like an apprentice work].

(A) does not read like an apprentice work

(B) seems not to read as an apprentice work

(D) does not read like an apprentice work does

(E) reads unlike an apprentice work

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★ Parallelism/ Diction

★ Clarity/ Conciseness

■ Gsc7-33 ■ 220102sun

The medieval scholar made almost no attempt to investigate the anatomy of plants, their mechanisms of growth, [nor the ways where each was related to the other].

(A) nor the ways where each was related to the other

(B) nor how each was related to some other

(D) or the ways in which they are related to one another

(E) or the ways that each related to some other

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★ Reference/ Misplaced Modifier

★ Parallelism/ Diction

■ Gsc7-32 ■ 211226sun

To ensure consistently high quality in its merchandise, the chain of retail stores became involved in every aspect of [their suppliers' operations, dictating not only the number of stitches and the width of the hem in every garment as well as] the profit margins of those suppliers.

(A) their suppliers' operations, dictating not only the number of stitches and the width of the hem in every garment as well as

(B) its suppliers' operations, dictating not only the number of stitches and the width of the hem in every garment as well as

(C) their suppliers' operations, dictating not only the number of stitches and the width of the hem in every garment but also

(D) its suppliers' operations, dictating not only the number of stitches and the width of the hem in every garment but also

(E) their suppliers' operations, dictating the number of stitches, the width of the hem in every garment, and

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★ Reference

★ Diction

■ Gsc7-31 ■ 211222wed

In the most common procedure for harvesting forage crops such as alfalfa, as much as 20 percent of the leaf and small-stem material, [which is the most nutritious of all the parts of the plant, shattered and fell] to the ground.

(A) which is the most nutritious of all the parts of the plant, shattered and fell

(B) the most nutritious of all parts of the plant, shatter and fall

(D) the most nutritious parts of the plant, shatters and falls

(E) parts of the plant which are the most nutritious, have shattered and fallen

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★ Singular/ Plural

★ Conciseness

★ Tense

■ Gsc7-30 ■ 211219sun

For many people, household labor remains demanding [even if able to afford household appliances their grandparents would find a miracle].

(A) even if able to afford household appliances their grandparents would find a miracle

(B) despite being able to afford household appliances their grandparents would find a miracle

(D) although they could afford household appliances their grandparents would find miraculous

(E) even if they are able to afford household appliances which would have been a miracle to their grandparents

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★ Dangling Modifier

■ Gsc7-29 ■ 211215wed

In the United States, trade unions encountered far more intense opposition [against their struggle for social legitimacy than] the organized labor movements of most other democratic nations.

(A) against their struggle for social legitimacy than

(B) in their struggle for social legitimacy than did

(D) in their struggle for social legitimacy as did

(E) when they struggled for social legitimacy than has

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★ Comparison/ Grammar

■ Gsc7-28 ■ 211212sun

Some of the tenth-century stave churches of Norway are still [standing, demonstrating that with sound design and maintenance, wooden buildings can last indefinitely].

(A) standing, demonstrating that with sound design and maintenance, wooden buildings can last indefinitely

(B) standing, demonstrating how wooden buildings, when they have sound design and maintenance, can last indefinitely

(D) standing, and they demonstrate wooden buildings can last indefinitely when there is sound design and maintenance

(E) standing, and they demonstrate how a wooden building can last indefinitely when it has sound design and maintenance

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★ Conciseness/ Grammar

★ Parallelism

■ Gsc7-27 ■ 211208wed

Many investors base their choice between bonds and stocks on comparing bond yields to the dividends available on common stocks.

(A) between bonds and stocks on comparing bond yields to

(B) among bonds and stocks on comparisons of bond yields to

(D) among bonds and stocks on comparing bond yields and

(E) between bonds and stocks on comparing bond yields with

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★Clarity/ Grammar

★Diction: compare A with B

■ Gsc7-26 ■ 211205sun

There is ample evidence, derived from the lore of traditional folk medicine, that naturally occurring antibiotics [are usually able to be modified to make them a more effective drug].

(A) are usually able to be modified to make them a more effective drug

(B) are usually able to be modified to make them more effective drugs

(D) can usually be modified to make them a more effective drug

(E) can usually be modified to make them more effective drugs

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★Reference/ Grammar

★Redundancy

■ Gsc7-25 ■ 211201wed

South Korea has witnessed the world's most dramatic growth of Christian congregations; church membership is expanding by 6.6 percent a year, fully two-thirds of the growth [coming from conversions rather than the population increasing].

(A) coming from conversions rather than the population increasing

(B) coming from conversions rather than increases in the population

(D) is from conversions instead of population increases

(E) is from conversions rather than increasing the population

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★Reference/ Grammar

★Clarity/ Conciseness

■ Gsc7-24 ■ 211128sun

Developing nations in various parts of the world have amassed $700 billion in debts; at stake, [should a significant number of these debts be repudiated, is] the solvency of some of the world's largest multinational banks.

(A) should a significant number of these debts be repudiated, is

(B) should a significant number of these debts be repudiated, are

(D) if there is a repudiation of a significant number of these debts, would be

(E) if a significant number of these debts will be repudiated, is

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★Inversion/ Grammar

★Tense

■ Gsc7-23 ■211124wed

[Reared apart from each other, a recent United States study showed striking similarities in identical twins, including many idiosyncrasies of behavior].

(A) Reared apart from each other, a recent United States study showed striking similarities in identical twins, including many idiosyncrasies of behavior.

(B) Reared apart from each other, striking similarities between identical twins that include many idiosyncrasies of behavior were shown in a recent United States study.

(C) A recent United States study showed striking similarities in identical twins reared apart from each other that include many idiosyncrasies of behavior.

(D) According to a recent United States study, identical twins reared apart from each other showed striking similarities, including many idiosyncrasies of behavior.

(E) According to a recent United States study, identical twins showed striking similarities reared apart from each other, including many idiosyncrasies of behavior.

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★Dangling Modifier

★Misplaced Modifier

■ Gsc7-22 ■21121sun

In England the well-dressed [gentleman of the eighteenth century protected their clothing while having their wig powdered by poking their head] through a device that resembled the stocks.

(A) gentleman of the eighteenth century protected their clothing while having their wig powdered by poking their head

(B) gentleman of the eighteenth century protected his clothing while having his wig powdered by poking his head

(D) gentlemen of the eighteenth century protected his clothing while having his wig powdered by poking his head

(E) gentlemen of the eighteenth century protected their clothing while having his wig powdered by poking his head

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★Agreement: Singular/Prural

★Reference

■ Gsc7-21 ■ 211114sun

The sale of government surplus machinery [will begin at 9 a.m. and continue until the supply lasts].

(A) will begin at 9 a.m. and continue until the supply lasts

(B) begins at 9 a.m., continuing until the supply lasts

(D) begins at 9 a.m. and, as long as the supply may last, it continues

(E) will begin at 9 a.m. and continue as long as the supply lasts

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★Redundancy

★Misplaced Modifier

■ Gsc7-20 ■ 211110wed

[Because there is not a linguistic census in France, as there is for Britain, there is difficulty in estimating] the number of speakers of Breton, a Celtic language.

(A) Because there is not a linguistic census in France, as there is for Britain, there is difficulty in estimating

(B) Because there is no linguistic census in France, unlike Britain, it is difficult to estimate

(D) There is not a linguistic census in France, as there is for Britain, a fact making for difficulty in the estimation of

(E) There is no linguistic census in France, as there is in Britain, a fact that makes it difficult to estimate

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★ Conciseness

★ Parallelism

■ Gsc7-19 ■ 211103wed

Demographic studies show that Hispanics in the United States have established communities in every region and in most large cities of the country but [that they have been so selective that half of them live in only] ten metropolitan areas.

(A) that they have been so selective that half of them live in only

(B) that they have been selective enough that half of them live in only

(D) they are so selective that half of them live only in

(E) they have been selective enough so that half of them live only in

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★ Diction: enough

★ Parallelism: and that

■ Gsc7-18 ■ 211031

In the field of infant learning, new technology has made [it possible to devise measurements that would a generation ago have been unable to be imagined].

(A) it possible to devise measurements that would a generation ago have been unable to be imagined

(B) it possible to devise measurements that would have been unimaginable a generation ago

(D) possible the devising of measurements that were not capable of being imagined a generation ago

(E) possible the devising of measurements that a generation ago would not have been able to be imagined

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★ Diction/ Conciseness: able

★ Redundancy

■ Gsc7-17 ■ 211027wed

In 1869, anxious to balance [its population of 8,000 men and 2,000 women, the Wyoming legislature] extended voting rights to women in Wyoming.

(A) its population of 8,000 men and 2,000 women, the Wyoming legislature

(B) their population of 8,000 men and 2,000 women, Wyoming's legislature

(D) a state population of 8,000 men with 2,000 women, the legislature in Wyoming

(E) its population of 8,000 men with 2,000 women, Wyoming's legislature

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★ Reference

★ Parallelism

■ Gsc7-16 ■ 211024sun

Private pensions [are usually regarded as compensation for work performed by the employee and are therefore not subject to being withheld] to punish personal misconduct.

(A) are therefore not subject to being withheld

(B) the employee therefore is not subject to their being withheld

(D) therefore they cannot withhold them

(E) therefore cannot be withheld

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★ Diction: subject

★ Conciseness

★ Reference

■ Gsc7-15 ■ 211020wed

[The breathing capacity of nonsmokers exposed to tobacco smoke on the Job has been found to be significantly less than nonsmokers working in smoke-free environments, although] unrestricted smoking at work is permitted by nearly 75 percent of all employers in the United States.

(A) The breathing capacity of nonsmokers exposed to tobacco smoke on the job has been found to be significantly less than nonsmokers working in smoke-free environments, although

(B) The breathing capacity of nonsmokers exposed to tobacco smoke on the job has been found significantly less than nonsmokers working in smoke-free environments, however

(C) Although the breathing capacity of nonsmokers exposed to tobacco smoke on the job has been found significantly less than that of nonsmokers working in smoke-free environments, however

(D) Although the breathing capacity of nonsmokers exposed to tobacco smoke on the job has been found to be significantly less than that of nonsmokers working in smoke-free environments,

(E) Although the breathing capacity of nonsmokers exposed to tobacco smoke on the job has been found to be significantly less than nonsmokers working in smoke-free environments,

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★ Grammar/ Redundancy

★ Parallelism/ Comparison

■ Gsc7-14 ■ 211017sun

The Neanderthals, once considered dull-witted brutes, are now known [to have had brains] fully as large as our own.

(A) to have had brains

(B) as having brains that are

(D) that their brains were

(E) that they had brains that were

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★ Diction: known

★ Tense: to---

■ Gsc7-13 ■211013wed

In the human female, an entire lifetime's supply of egg cells [are produced during fetal development and remain] dormant until puberty, where upon one egg is activated each month.

(A) are produced during fetal development and remain

(B) are produced while the fetus develops, and these cells remain

(D) is produced during fetal development, and these cells remain

(E) is produced while the fetus develops and remains

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★Grammar: Singular/ Plural

★Ambiguous Modifier

■ Gsc7-12 ■ 211017sun

[The first balloon passengers were a sheep, a duck, and a rooster that were ascended] from Versailles, France, in a basket beneath a hot-air balloon in September 1783.

(A) The first balloon passengers were a sheep, a duck, and a rooster that were ascended

(B) The first balloon passengers were a sheep, a duck, and a rooster that ascended

(D) A sheep, a duck, and a rooster that were the first balloon passengers to ascend

(E) A sheep, a duck, and a rooster were the first balloon passengers ascending

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★Grammar

★Clarity/Conciseness

■ Gsc7-11 ■ 211006wed

The medical profession is not in agreement about how to treat snakebites; physicians are [unsure about how much antiserum to use, and there is controversy over] the relative merits of surgery and antivenins.

(A) unsure about how much antiserum to use, and there is controversy over

(B) not sure how much antiserum they should use and have a controversy about

(D) not sure as to how much antiserum they should be using, and there is a controversy over

(E) unsure about how much antiserum should be used, and they have a controversy as to what is

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★Diction: unsure/ controversy

★Conciseness

■ Gsc7-10 ■ 211003sun

[The rate of increase in the number of Black elected officials nationwide was greater last year than in] any other year since 1975, and the rate of increase for Black women elected to office was especially high.

(A) The rate of increase in the number of Black elected officials nationwide was greater last year than in

(B) The increased rate in the number of Black elected officials nationwide was greater last year than in

(D) The number of Black elected officials nationwide increased at a rate that was greater last year than

(E) Nationwide, the rate at which the number of Black elected officials increased last year was greater than

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★ Comparison: more than any other

■ Gsc7-9 ■ 210929wed

[A new formula is being considered by Congress for the financing of federal assistance to mass transit, which, if they approve], could sharply decrease state subsides.

(A) A new formula is being considered by Congress for the financing of federal assistance to mass transit, which, if they approve

(B) Congress is considering a new formula for the financing of federal assistance to mass transit, which, if they approve

(C) Congress is considering a new formula for the financing of federal assistance to mass transit, a formula that, if there is approval

(D) Congress is considering a new formula for the financing of federal assistance to mass transit, a formula that, if approved

(E) A new formula being considered by Congress for the financing of federal assistance to mass transit, if it is approved

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★ Clarity/ Conciseness: passive<active

★ Reference

★ Misplaced Modifier

■ Gsc7-8 ■ 210925sun

Monumental figurative structures such as the Great Serpent Mound of Adams County, Ohio, [show the supreme ability the Plains peoples had to capture the] grace and beauty on a massive scale.

(A) show the supreme ability the Plains peoples had to capture the

(B) show the supreme ability of the Plains peoples to capture

(D) shows the supreme ability the Plains peoples had in capturing

(E) shows the Plains peoples' supreme ability to capture

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★ Singular/ Plural

★ Diction: ability

■ Gsc7-7 ■ 210920wed

Between 1970 and 1979 the value of the manufactured goods brought into the United States each year rose from [fewer than four billion dollars to that of almost] thirty billion.

(A) fewer than four billion dollars to that of almost

(B) as few as four billion dollars to that of almost

(D) less than four billion dollars almost up to

(E) less than four billion dollars to almost

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★ Singular/ Plural: (few/less系）

★ Redundancy

■ Gsc7-6 ■ 210919sun

Helen's mother was recovering at the hospital [when she suffered a second fatal attack].

(A) when she suffered a second fatal attack

(B) but then suffered a second fatal attack

(D) and then suffered a second fatal attack

(E) when a second fatal attack was suffered

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★ Redundancy: 論理矛盾

■ Gsc7-4 ■ 210912sun

Some consultants advise that allowing employees to voice their opinions to employers in periodic meetings can [result in greater awareness, better understanding, and confirmed or allayed] fears.

(A) result in greater awareness, better understanding, and confirmed or allayed

(B) result in greater awareness, a better understanding, and confirm or allay

(D) bring about increased awareness, better understanding, and confirm or allay

(E) increase awareness, improve understanding, and confirm or allay

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★ Parallelism:(A, B, and C)

★ Clarity

When first introduced into North America, the tomato was regarded that it was poisonous and was planted only as an ornament.

(A) regarded that it was poisonous

(B) considered to be poison

(D) considered poisonous

(E) regarded to be poisonous

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★ Diction: consider

■ Gsc7-2 ■ 210905sun

[Like so many of Henry James's characters], Forster's heroes realize their provincial limitations and awaken to the possibility of a new life only when they venture abroad.

(A) Like so many of Henry James's characters

(B) Similar to Henry James

(D) Similar with Henry James's characters

(E) Like so many of Henry James

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★ Parallelism: like

■ Gsc7-1 ■ 210901wed

[That there are Indo-Pacific shells resent in pre-historic caves in Britain and France mean] that as early as Neolithic times trade networks stretched from Western Europe to Asia.

(A) That there are Indo-Pacific shells present in prehistoric caves in Britain and France mean

(B) That present in prehistoric caves are Indo-Pacific shells in Britain and France means

(D) The presence of Indo-Pacific shells in prehistoric caves in Britain and France means

(E) The presence in prehistoric caves in Britain and France of Indo-Pacific shells mean

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★ Agreemeny: singular/plural

★ Grammar/ Clarity

■ Gsc6-39 ■ 210829sun

The National College Counseling Project charges that serious flaws in counseling and admissions are largely responsible [for the 60 percent of students who enter a given college as freshmen and do not] graduate from that institution.

(A) for the 60 percent of students who enter a given college as freshmen and do not

(B) for the 60 percent of students entering a given college as freshmen who do not

(D) for the failure of 60 percent of the students entering a given college as freshmen not to

(E) for the failure of 60 percent of the students who enter a given college as freshmen to

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★clarity: (responsible for何)

★clarity/redundancy: (failure to何

■ Gsc6-38 ■ 210825wed

In the old Dutch settlement of Beverwyck?now Albany, New York?so many people were hurt and windows [broken that an ordinance was issued forbidding] golf in the streets.

(A) broken that an ordinance was issued forbidding

(B) broken that they issued an ordinance to forbid

(D) had been broken that an ordinance was issued to forbid

(E) had been broken that an ordinance was issued forbidding

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★ Paralellism:s v c and s' (v) c'

■ Gsc6-37 ■ 210822sun

For several years, companies in the United States have increased spending for research [far faster than the inflation rate].

(A) far faster than the inflation rate

(B) exceeding by far the rate of inflation

(D) far faster than the rising of the inflation rate

(E) at a rate far exceeding the rate of inflation

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★ Paralellism:

Y times as A as B

Y times more A than B

Y times the 尺度 of B

■ Gsc6-36 ■ 210818wed

Evidence [that landfills contaminate groundwater and that many landfills are reaching their capacity have] led city planners to look for alternative methods of disposal.

(A) that landfills contaminate and that many landfills are reaching their capacity have

(B) of landfills contaminating groundwater and that many landfills are reaching their capacity have

(D) of landfills that contaminate groundwater and that many landfills are reaching their capacity has

(E) that landfills contaminate groundwater and that many landfills are reaching their capacity has

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★ Agreement: singular/plural

★ Gramar/ Clarity

■ Gsc6-35 ■ 210815sun

An effort [to upgrade the health care of children begun two years ago] is starting to save lives in dramatic numbers, according to the executive board of the United Nations Children's Fund.

(A) to upgrade the health care of children begun two years ago

(B) begun two years ago for upgrading the health care of children

(D) at upgrading the health care of children begun two years ago

(E) that has begun two years ago to upgrade the health care of children

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★Diction: effort

★Conciseness: which

■ Gsc6-34 ■ 210811wed

[Japan is a culture of accommodation and constraint, a system of forms, etiquette, and images, making its] ever-present congestion tolerable.

(A) Japan is a culture of accommodation and constraint, a system of forms, etiquette, and images, making its

(B) Japan, a culture of accommodation and constraint, is a system of forms, etiquette, and images, which makes its

(D) Japan's is a culture of accommodation and constraint, a system of forms, etiquette, and images that makes the

(E) Japan's is a culture of accommodation and constraint, of a system of forms, etiquette, and images, which makes the

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★ Parallelism

■ Gsc6-33 ■ 210808sun

Despite the increasing popularity among financial analysts of "operating cash flow" as a measure of a company's viability, a combination of six more conventional measures [has been shown to be more accurate to predict business failure].

(A) has been shown to be more accurate to predict business failure

(B) has been shown to predict business failure more accurately

(D) have been shown to more accurately predict business failure

(E) have been shown to predict business failure more accurately

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★ Agreement: singular/plural

★ Conciseness

■ Gsc6-32 ■ 210804wed

On seeing Halley's comet in A.D., 66, the Jewish historian Josephus was persuaded that the apparition was a portent [of the destruction of Jerusalem, which] in fact took place four years later.

(A) of the destruction of Jerusalem, which

(B) of Jerusalem being destroyed, which

(D) for Jerusalem to be destroyed, and that

(E) for the destruction of Jerusalem, and it

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★ Diction

★ Conciseness

■ Gsc6-31 ■ 210728wed

[If the ice of Greenland and Antarctica were to melt, the sea level would rise at least 100 feet or more.]

(A) If the ice of Greenland and Antarctica were to melt, the sea level would rise at least 100 feet or more.

(B) Were the ice of Greenland and Antarctica to melt, the sea level would rise at least 100 feet.

(D) If the ice of Greenland and Antarctica was melting, the sea level would rise at least 100 feet.

(E) Should the ice of Greenland and Antarctica melt, the sea level would rise at least 100 feet or more.

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★ Redundancy

★ Tense: if

仮定法過去

If I were a bird, I would fly to you.

仮定法現在（条件文）

50/50 chance

If she comes, I will be happy.

仮定法過去完了

If I had been a bird (then),

1) I would have flwn to you (then).

2) I would fly to you (now).

以下、仮定法未来

If she should cry, I will/ would be sad.

If the earth were to explode, we would die.

■ Gsc6-30 ■210725sun

Designed to encourage debate, [the long-standing "equal-time" rule for broadcasters has, some contend, actually stifled it].

(A) the long-standing "equal-time" rule for broadcasters has, some contend, actually stifled it

(B) some contend that the long-standing "equal-time" rule for broadcasters has actually stifled it

(D) some contend that it has actually been stifled by the long-standing "equal-time" rule for broadcasters

(E) actually, the long-standing "equal-time" rule for broadcasters has stifled it, some contend

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★ Dangling Modifier

■ Gsc6-29 ■ 210721wed

[As generators of electricity, small, relatively inexpensive windmills shaped like eggbeaters have several advantages over large, propeller-shaped wind- mills:] simplicity, reliability of stressed components, efficiency in converting wind energy, and beauty.

(A) As generators of electricity, small, relatively inexpensive windmills shaped like eggbeaters have several advantages over large, propeller shaped windmills:

(B) As generators of electricity, several advantages that small, relatively inexpensive windmills shaped like eggbeaters have over large, propeller-shaped windmills include

(C) Several advantages that small, relatively inexpensive windmills for generating electricity shaped like eggbeaters have over large, propeller-shaped windmills include

(D) Several advantages of small, relatively inexpensive windmills shaped like eggbeaters for generating electricity over large, propeller-shaped windmills include

(E) Small, relatively inexpensive windmills for generating electricity shaped like eggbeaters have the following several advantages over large, propeller-shaped windmills:

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★Parallelism

★Misplaced Modifier

■ Gsc6-28 ■ 210728sun

Today anthropologists realize that there is great diversity [among hunter-gatherer societies, and those that have persisted] into this century had long before been altered by their contacts with agricultural peoples.

(A) among hunter-gatherer societies, and those that have persisted

(B) among hunter-gatherer societies, and those persisting

(D) between hunter-gatherer societies, and those that have persisted

(E) between hunter-gatherer societies and that those persisting

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★ between vs among

■ Gsc6-27 ■ 210714wed

You could never find a surface [solid enough to stand on Saturn] because the planet is less dense than water.

(A) solid enough to stand on Saturn

(B) on Saturn where it is solid enough to stand

(D) on Saturn that is solid enough to stand

(E) that is so solid that one can stand on Saturn

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★ Misplaced Modifier: Saturn

■ Gsc6-26 ■ 210711sun

Remembered for her 1902 expose of the Standard Oil Company and her later portrait of John D. Rockefeller, [President Theodore Roosevelt objected to Ida Tarbell in a wrathful outburst against "muck-rakers" in 1906].

(A) President Theodore Roosevelt objected to Ida Tarbell in a wrathful outburst against "muckrakers" in 1906

(B) in 1906 President Theodore Roosevelt objected to Ida Tarbell in a wrathful outburst against "muckrakers"

(C) in an outburst against "muckrakers" in 1906, Ida Tarbell was one of the objects of President Theodore Roosevelt's wrath

(D) Ida Tarbell was one of the objects of President Theodore Roosevelt's wrathful outburst against "muckrakers" in 1906

(E) one of the objects of President Theodore Roosevelt's wrathful outburst against "muckrakers" in 1906 was Ida Tarbell

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★ Dangling Modifier

■ Gsc6-24 ■ 210704sun

The Census Bureau reports that more than three fifths of all married couples in the United States now have two incomes, significantly more than [earlier decades did].

(A) earlier decades did

(B) earlier decades

(D) earlier decades have

(E) that in earlier decades

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★ Comparison!

■ Gsc6-23 ■ 210630wed

Alcohol may interfere with the ability of the brain cells [as they form] the proteins considered essential to short-term memory.

(A) as they form

(B) forming

(D) to form

(E) when they form

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★ Diction: ability (of one) to

■ Gsc6-22 ■210627sun

Marshal Zhu De, commander of the Communist armies that conquered China, is [so revered in the pantheon of revolutionary heroes that a memorial room was] built for him in the Mao Zedong mausoleum.

(A) so revered in the pantheon of revolutionary heroes that a memorial room was

(B) so revered in the pantheon of revolutionary heroes as to have a memorial room that was

(D) revered enough in the pantheon of revolutionary heroes that a memorial room was

(E) revered enough in the pantheon of revolutionary heroes for a memorial room to be

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★ Diction: so A that B > so A as to

■ Gsc6-21 ■ 210623wed

The line of descent of apes and humans is believed by most paleontologists [that it split] into several branches some time between 20 million and 5 million years ago.

(A) that it split

(B) to have split

(D) that they were split

(E) to be split

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★Diction: be believed to have

■ Gsc6-20 ■ 210620sun

Black officers at the executive rank of general or admiral, of whom there are over seventy in the armed services, have not, until recently, been [present in comparable numbers, either in amount or proportion], among high executives in major corporations.

(A) present in comparable numbers, either in amount or proportion,

(B) present in comparable numbers, either numerically or proportionally

(D) matched by Blacks in either comparable amount or proportion

(E) matched by a comparable number or proportion of Blacks

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★ countable vs uncountable: number vs amount

★ Redundancy

■ Gsc6-18 ■ 210613sun

Scientists now recognize that infants are well prepared for certain tasks, such as obtaining sustenance and maintaining contact with other people, and they do not any longer consider even newborns to be helpless, passive beings.

(A) do not any longer consider even newborns to be

(B) do not any longer regard even newborns to be

(D) no longer regard even newborns as

(E) no longer consider even newborns as being

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★ Diction: consider

■ Gsc6-17 ■ 210609wed

A stained glass window at Vassar College depicts the thesis defense of Elena Lucrezia Cornaro Piscopia, who in June 1678 [became the first woman to receive] a doctoral degree.

(A) became the first woman to receive

(B) came to be the first woman to receive

(D) is the first woman who has received

(E) was the first woman who received

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★ Diction: be the first N to

■ Gsc6-16 ■ 210607sun

To construct general-purpose industrial robots that could approximate human dexterity, adaptability, and sensory capabilities would [be both extremely difficult and would waste resources since] less costly special-purpose robots can already surpass human beings at many specific tasks.

(A) be both extremely difficult and would waste resources since

(B) be both extremely difficult as well as a waste of resources as

(D) both be extremely difficult as well as waste resources since

(E) be extremely difficult and would waste resources as well since

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★ Parallel/ Redundancy: both vs as well

■ Gsc6-15 ■ 210601wed

Federal judges are sentencing white-collar criminals to prison with [more and more frequency and the sentencing, even though still shorter than the average for crimes such as armed robbery, have increased] in length.

(A) more and more frequency and the sentencing, even though still shorter than the average for crimes such as armed robbery, have increased

(B) more and more frequency and the sentencing, though still shorter than the average for such crimes as armed robbery, has increased

(C) higher frequency and the sentences, even though still shorter than the average for crimes such as armed robbery, are increased

(D) greater frequency and the sentencing, although still shorter than the average for such crimes as armed robbery, has been increasing

(E) greater frequency and the sentences, though still shorter than the average for such crimes as armed robbery, have increased

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★ Clarity: ing→N

★ Clarity/ Conciseness : Active/ Passive

■ Gsc6-14 ■ 210530sun

[Based on the complexity of the orchestration of the human body’s various systems that are]

involved in sleeping, it is remarkable that anyone ever sleeps without disturbance.

(A) Based on the complexity of the orchestration of the human body's various systems that are

(B) With the complex orchestration of the various human body systems being

(D) Given the complexity of orchestrating the various systems of the human body that are

(E) Since it is complex orchestrating the various human body systems that are

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★ Dangling Modifier/ Diction: Based on

★ Conciseness/ Clarity: Since? Because of?

■ Gsc6-13 ■ 210526wed

The senator recommended that social security laws [should be changed so that women who

have taken time off from paying jobs to raise families do not suffer financially].

(A) should be changed so that women who have taken time off from paying jobs to raise families do not suffer financially

(B) be changed so that women who have taken time off from paying jobs to raise families do not suffer financially

(D) be changed in order not to have women suffer financially who have taken time off from paying jobs to raise families

(E) should change so women who have taken time off from paying jobs to raise families do not suffer financially

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★ Diction: 要求 that 原形

★ Conciseness: to系

■ Gsc6-12 ■ 210523sun

The [homes' growing use of electricity makes it increasingly important for homeowners to

evaluate their electrical capacity].

(A) The homes' growing use of electricity makes it increasingly important for homeowners to evaluate their electrical capacity.

(B) Homes' growth in electrical use makes it increasingly important for homeowners to evaluate their electrical capacity.

(C) The growing use of electricity in the home makes it increasingly important for homeowners to evaluate the electrical capacity of their houses.

(D) The growing use of electricity in the home makes it of increasing importance for homeowners to evaluate their electrical capacity in their houses.

(E) Growth of the home's use of electricity makes it of increasing importance that homeowners should evaluate the electrical capacity in the house

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★ Conciseness

★ Reference

■ Gsc6-11 ■ 210519wed

To politicians and cartographers, Syria is an invention of the twentieth century; but to

scholars, the name [refers to a once vast, occasionally powerful, always proud empire].

(A) refers to a once vast, occasionally powerful, always proud empire

(B) refers to an at one time vast and occasionally powerful empire that was always proud

(D) has reference to an at one time vast empire, occasionally powerful, that was always proud

(E) has reference to an empire that was at one time vast, was occasionally powerful, and always proud

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★ Conciseness: which?

★ Conciseness: have?

■ Gsc6-10 ■ 210516sun

The chemistry of living cells depends on thousands of different enzymes, [each of which are catalysts] for a particular chemical reaction.

(A) each of which are catalysts

(B) each of which is a catalyst

(D) all a catalyst

(E) which are all catalysts

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★ Agreement : each

■ Gsc6-8 ■ 210509sun

From a very close relationship with one of its parents, [a relationship that lasts thirteen to fifteen years, a young chimpanzee learns appropriate social behavior as well as skills for survival] in the jungle.

(A) a relationship that lasts thirteen to fifteen years, a young chimpanzee learns appropriate social behavior as well as skills for survival

(B) a relationship that lasts thirteen to fifteen years, a young chimpanzee learns socially appropriate behavior and also in addition skills to survive

(C) which lasts thirteen to fifteen years, a young chimpanzee learns how to behave socially and in addition also to survive

(D) which lasts thirteen to fifteen years, a young chimpanzee learns appropriate social behavior as well as survival skills

(E) lasting thirteen to fifteen years, a young chimpanzee learns social behavior that is appropriate and also survival skills as well

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★ Redundancy

★ Reference: which?

■ Gsc6-6 ■ 210502sun

Experimenters have discovered that [salamanders are many more times more sensitive to magnetic cues than homing pigeons and use] the magnetic field of the Earth to find their way from place to

place.

(A) salamanders are many more times more sensitive to magnetic cues than homing pigeons and use

(B) salamanders are many times more sensitive to magnetic cues than are homing pigeons and use

(D) the sensitivity of salamanders to magnetic cues is many times that of homing pigeons, and they use

(E) the sensitivity of salamanders to magnetic cues is many times that of homing pigeons, using

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★ Comparison/ Redundancy

★ Conciseness

■ Gsc6-5 ■ 210428wed

The report of The Worldwatch Institute cites the growing militarization of the world economy, with an increasing percentage of raw materials, labor, and capital devoted to the production and purchase of weapons, [as major causes of what they describe] as "the worst economic crisis in a half century."

(A) as major causes of what they describe

(B) that are the major causes of what they describe

(D) that is the major cause of what it describes

(E) as the major cause of what it describes

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★ Agreement: singular/plural

★ Diction: cite A as B

■ Gsc6-4 ■ 210425sun

The committee had several suggestions for improving the quality of education: the class day and school year should be made longer for students at all levels; teachers' salaries [raised by a 30 percent increase] over three years; and United States educators should study patterns of educational success in other nations.

(A) raised by a 30 percent increase

(B) raised by 30 percent

(D) should be raised 30 percent

(E) should be raised by a 30 percent increase

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★ パラレル

★ conciseness

★ redundancy

■ Gsc6-3 ■ 210421wed

The carbon dioxide content of the atmosphere has increased seven percent [since 1958, when systematic measurement began].

(A) since 1958, when systematic measurement began

(B) from 1958, the beginning of systematic measurement

(D) after 1958, when there were the beginnings of systematic measurement

(E) since 1958, when there were the beginnings of systematic measurement

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★ tense(have=since>from, for)

★ conciseness (there, which is)

■ Gsc6-2 ■ 210418sun

At the time of the American Revolution, most of the tools employed in farming were little different than the ones that [were in use during] 2,000 years.

(A) were little different than the ones that were in use during

(B) were a little different than those that have been in use during

(D) differed little from the ones that have been used during

(E) were little different from the ones being used for

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★ dction & conciseness: differ vs different

★ diction: during vs for

■ Gsc6-1 ■ 210414wed

The taproot of a coffee tree seedling must be put in the ground absolutely straight [or else otherwise it will die].

(A) or else otherwise it will die

(B) so as not to die

(D) or else they die

(E) or it will die

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★ cons(さもないと=or)

cf so as not to xx

■ Gsc5-39 ■ 210407wed

Like many African countries, [Chad's amalgam of religious and ethnic groups were arbitrarily united] under colonial rule.

(A) Chad's amalgam of religious and ethnic groups were arbitrarily united

(B) the amalgam of religious and ethnic groups that constitute Chad were arbitrarily united

(D) Chad is an amalgam of religious and ethnic groups that were arbitrarily united

(E) Chad's religious and ethnic groups were arbitrarily united into an amalgam

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★ パラレル：Like O, S V

■ Gsc5-38 ■ 210404sun

Montezuma's messengers carried gifts to Cortes fit for the returning god [he was thought to be].

(A) he was thought to be

(B) that they all thought of him as

(D) he was regarded as

(E) he had been considered to be

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★ Conciseness

★ Diction: be thought to

■ Gsc5-37 ■ 210404sun

Many states, in search of industries that are [clean, fast-growing, and pay] good wages to skilled workers, are trying to attract high-technology industries.

(A) clean, fast-growing, and pay

(B) clean, grow fast, and that pay

(D) clean and grow fast, paying

(E) clean, fast-growing, and paying

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★ パラレル

★ Clarity

■ Gsc5-36 ■ 210328sun

With 2.2 billion passengers a year, the Tokyo subway system carries 50 percent [more people than New York and has less] than half as many cars.

(A) more people than New York and has less

(B) over what New York's does and has less

(D) more people than New York's with fewer

(E) more people than New York, having fewer

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★ Countable/ Uncountable

★ パラレル

■ Gsc5-35 ■ 210324wed

[Each archaeological discovery at Pompeii is photographed when it is uncovered in order that if it disintegrates] while being moved, it will not be lost completely.

(A) Each archaeological discovery at Pompeii is photographed when it is uncovered in order that if it disintegrates

(B) Every archaeological discovery at Pompeii is photographed as they uncover it so that should it disintegrate

(D) Every archaeological discovery at Pompeii has been photographed when they uncover it so that should it disintegrate

(E) Each archaeological discovery at Pompeii has been photographed when it is uncovered in order that if it disintegrates

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★ Reference: they?

★ Tense

★ Diction: in order to vs in order that

■ Gsc5-34 ■ 210321sun

[About 95 percent of the world population seem to be] immune to leprosy and even those who are susceptible are at risk only after long-term exposure to an active case.

(A) About 95 percent of the world population seem to be

(B) About 95 percent of the world's population seems to be

(D) The world's population seems to be about 95 percent

(E) The population of the world seems to be about 95 percent

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★ Clarity/ Diction: x% of countable?uncountable?

■ Gsc5-33 ■ 210317wed

This is proving to be the sixth consecutive year [in which net farm income is sharply depressed].

(A) in which net farm income is sharply depressed

(B) in which there would be sharply depressed net farm income

(D) for the sharp depression of net farm income

(E) of net farm income that was sharply depressed

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★ 節or句

★Conciseness

■ Gsc5-32 ■ 210321sun

When adjusted for body weight, [children of various age-groups in the United States have a caffeine intake that ranges from 36 to 58 percent of the average amount consumed by adults].

(A) children of various age-groups in the United States have a caffeine intake that ranges from 36 to 58 percent of the average amount consumed by adults

(B) the caffeine intake of children of various age-groups in the United States ranges from 36 to 58 percent of the average amount consumed by adults

(C) various age-groups of children in the United States range in caffeine intake from 36 to 58 percent of that consumed by the average adult

(D) in the United States, children of various age-groups have a caffeine intake that ranges from 36 to 58 percent of the average adult's consumption

(E) in the United States, the caffeine intake of children in various age-groups ranges from 36 to 58 percent of that consumed by the average adult

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★Dangling Modifier

■ Gsc5-31 ■ 210310wed

(A) the modern nation-state, so too their art served a very different function from that which art has

(B) the modern nation-state, so too their art served a very different function than art does

(D) those of the modern nation-state, so too their art served a very different function from what art has

(E) that of the modern nation-state, so too its art served a very different function than art has

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★パラレル：those

★Agreement

■ Gsc5-29 ■ 210207sun

Since the beginning of the nineteenth century the question of [if there is to be] enough food to feed the growing world population has been raised repeatedly.

(A) if there is to be

(B) if there may be

(D) whether there will be

(E) whether or not there be

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★ Diction: whether vs if

■ Gsc5-28 ■ 210303wed

The homicide rate of the United States is eight to nine times [that of] other major industrial countries.

(A) that of

(B) that which it is in

(D) higher as that of

(E) what they are in

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★ Diction:

Y times as A as B

Y times more A than B

Y times the 尺度 of B

■ Gsc5-27 ■ 210228sun

Core inflation is generally defined [to be the rate at which increases in the cost of labor exceeds] gains in productivity .

(A) to be the rate at which increases in the cost of labor exceeds

(B) to be the rate of increases in labor costs exceeding

(D) as the rate of labor cost increases exceeding

(E) as the rate of increases in the cost of labor exceeding

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★ Diction: define A as B

★ Diction: the rate at which vs of

★ Agreement

■ Gsc5-26 ■ 210224wed

(A) mines: they were hauling baskets on their hands and knees out of poorly ventilated tunnels

(B) mines, and hauled baskets out of poorly ventilated tunnels on their hands and knees

(D) mines: out of poorly ventilated tunnels, they hauled baskets on their hands and knees

(E) mines: on their hands and knees, they hauled baskets out of poorly ventilated tunnels

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★ パラレル

★ Clarity

★ Misplaced Modifier

■ Gsc5-25 ■ 210221sun

(A) the chances of spreading the infection to others may be reduced

(B) there may be a reduction of chances that the infection be spread to others

(D) may reduce the chances of spreading the infection to others

(E) reduce the chances of spreading the infection to others

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★ パラレル：A, B, and C

■ Gsc5-24 ■ 210217wed

(A) amount of people who appear at church-operated emergency food centers have

(B) amount of people appearing at church-operated emergency food centers have

(D) number of people appearing at church-operated emergency food centers has

(E) number of people who have been appearing at church-operated emergency food centers have

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★ Agreement: number vs amount

■ Gsc5-23 ■ 210214sun

(A) not only be used to correct such tragic conditions as paralysis that results from spinal-cord injury but also some currently untreatable disorders of the brain

(B) not only be used to correct tragic conditions such as paralysis that results from spinal-cord injury but some currently untreatable disorders of the brain as well

(C) be used not only to correct such tragic conditions as paralysis resulting from spinal-cord injury but some currently untreatable disorders of the brain as well

(D) be used to correct not only tragic conditions such as paralysis resulting from spinal-cord injury as well as some currently untreatable disorders of the brain

(E) be used to correct not only such tragic conditions as paralysis resulting from spinal-cord injury but also some currently untreatable disorders of the brain

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★ Diction: not only

■ Gsc5-22 ■210210wed

At the beginning of the last century, Latin America was [richer and more populous than] the United States.

(A) richer and more populous than

(B) more populous and rich when compared with

(D) more populous and richer than was

(E) richer and more populous in comparison to

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★Diction/ Comparison/ Conciseness

■ Gsc5-21 ■ 210207sun

(A) the right that they can borrow against the cash value of their policy

(B) the right to borrow against the cash value of their policies

(D) rights permitting borrowing against the cash value of a policy

(E) rights allowing borrowing against the cash value of policies

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★diction: the right of one to

■ Gsc5-20 ■ 210203wed

Though it has not yet vanished from the pregame training table, steak has largely been replaced by carbohydrates, [delivering energy much faster than protein does].

(A) delivering energy much faster than protein does

(B) which deliver energy much faster than protein

(D) which deliver energy much faster than protein does

(E) much faster at delivering energy than protein

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★ Ambiguous Modifier

★ パラレリズム：Comparison

■ Gsc5-19 ■ 210131sun

The federal Age Discrimination in Employment Act includes an exception permitting companies to require that certain executives in high policy-making positions [to retire] at 65.

(A) to retire

(B) should retire

(D) have to retire

(E) retire

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★ Diction: require

■ Gsc5-18 ■ 210127wed

(A) no longer able to carry the burden it once did

(B) no longer able to carry the burden it once had

(D) no longer having the ability of carrying the burden it once had

(E) no longer with the ability of carrying the burden that it did once

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★パラレル

■ Gsc5-17 ■ 210124sun

The life expectancy of urban residents is somewhat higher than[ people living in small towns and considerably higher than] people who live on farms.

(A) people living in small towns and considerably higher than

(B) that of people living in small towns and considerably higher than that of

(D) that of people living in small towns and considerably higher than

(E) they are for people living in small towns and considerably higher than they are

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★パラレル

■ Gsc5-15 ■ 210117sun

Once the site of pilgrimages to the Aztec god of the caves, [each Sunday now attracts hundreds of Christians wearing flower wreaths to Chalma].

(A) each Sunday now attracts hundreds of Christians wearing flower wreaths to Chalma

(B) hundreds of Christians wearing Rower wreaths are now attracted to Chalma each Sunday

(D) hundreds of Christians wearing flower wreaths are now attracted each Sunday to Chalma

(E) Chalma now attracts each Sunday hundreds of Christians wearing flower wreaths

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★パラレリズム：同格

★misplaced modifier

■ Gsc5-14 ■ 210113wed

Drug therapy can [supplement, but it does not replace psychotherapy as they treat a disease which has] psychological and physiological components.

(A) supplement, but it does not replace psychotherapy as they treat a disease which has

(B) supplement, but they do not replace psychotherapy in the treating of a disease having

(D) supplement but not replace psychotherapy in the treatment of a disease that has

(E) supplement, but there is no replacement for psychotherapy in the treatment of a disease that has

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★ Agreement

★ Conciseness/ Clarity

■ Gsc5-13 ■ 200110sun

(A) where there were allegations as to a group of British politicians who had influenced

(B) where it was alleged a group of British politicians influenced

(D) in which it was alleged that a group of British politicians had influenced

(E) that was alleged to have a group of British politicians influencing

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★place?

★subject?

■ Gsc5-10 ■ 201230wed

Contrary to popular assumptions, both speculation in securities and real estate and acquisitions of existing companies [does not waste capital that would otherwise be used for productive investment].

(A) does not waste capital that would otherwise be used for productive investment

(B) does not waste the capital to be used in other ways for productive investment

(D) do not waste capital that would otherwise be used for productive investment

(E) is not wasteful of capital otherwise to be used for investing productively

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★ Agreement: both A and B

★ パラレリズム

■ Gsc5-9 ■ 201227sun

(A) fewer women are depressed by the "empty nest" than psychologists have once assumed

(B) fewer women are depressed by the "empty nest" than psychologists once assumed

(D) less women are depressed by the "empty nest" than psychologists assume

(E) less women are depressed by the "empty nest" than psychologists have assumed

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★ Agreement: few/less

★ Tense: once

■ Gsc5-8 ■ 201223wed

Alcohol not only causes automobile accidents but also [the injuries, especially to the spinal cord, may be more severe:.

(A) the injuries, especially to the spinal cord, may be more severe

(B) there may be more severe injuries, especially to the spinal cord

(D) the injuries to the spinal cord especially may be more severe

(E) the severity of injuries, especially to the spinal cord, may increase

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★ パラレル：not only A but also B

■ Gsc5-7 ■ 201220sun

The central issue before the court was how far the regulatory agencies should go [in requiring better working conditions in factories].

(A) in requiring better working conditions in factories

(B) as far as requiring better working conditions in factories

(D) as far as requiring that factories should have better working conditions

(E) to require factories to have better working conditions

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★ Clarity/ Diction

■ Gsc5-4 ■ 201206sun

Professor Hill presents evidence to show that J. Edgar Hoover sought to imprison or deport Marcus Garvey, [whom he perceived as an international threat].

(A) whom he perceived as an international threat

(B) whom he perceived to be internationally threatening

(D) who was perceived by him to be internationally threatening

(E) who was perceived by him that he was an international threat

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★Diction: see/ view/ percieve as

★Agreement: sort

■ Gsc5-4 ■ 201206sun

Professor Hill presents evidence to show that J. Edgar Hoover sought to imprison or deport Marcus Garvey, [whom he perceived as an international threat].

(A) whom he perceived as an international threat

(B) whom he perceived to be internationally threatening

(D) who was perceived by him to be internationally threatening

(E) who was perceived by him that he was an international threat

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★Diction: see/ view/ percieve as

■ Gsc5-3 ■ 201129sun

[Almost each major-league baseball pitcher will experience] shoulder or elbow pain in the course of a baseball season.

(A) Almost each major-league baseball pitcher will experience

(B) Almost every major-league baseball pitcher experiences

(D) Almost all major-league baseball pitchers have experience with

(E) Common to almost each major-league baseball pitcher is the experience of

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★Singular/ Plural

★Diction: almost=程度表現、とすると？！

■ Gsc5-2 ■ 201125wed

[If a mollusk is considered edible or not is purely a cultural matter and has] little to do with any of the animal's inherent properties.

(A) If a mollusk is considered edible or not is purely a cultural matter and has

(B) If mollusks are considered edible or not are purely cultural matters and they have

(D) That mollusks are considered edible is purely a cultural matter and it has

(E) Should mollusks be considered edible is purely a cultural matter and it has

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★Diction: whether vs if

■ Gsc5-1 ■ 201122sun

Unlike most modern inks, which fade and even disappear after a few decades the [ink on the Dead Sea Scrolls remains dark and legible during] more than twenty centuries.

(A) ink on the Dead Sea Scrolls remains dark and legible during

(B) ink on the Dead Sea Scrolls has remained dark and legible for

(D) Dead Sea Scrolls and their ink have remained dark and legible for

(E) dark and legible ink on the Dead Sea Scrolls have remained so for

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★パラレル：Unlike O, S V

★Tense: during vs for

■ Gsc4-40 ■ 201115sun

(A) that are more than a thousand times as high per bacterium than

(B) that are more than a thousand times higher per bacterium as

(D) as much as a thousand times as high per bacterium than

(E) as much as a thousand times higher per bacterium as

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★Comparison (as than ?)

■ Gsc4-39 ■ 201111wed

The architectural problem of how to enclose and articulate interior space becomes [increasingly critical as the size of the space gets larger].

(A) increasingly critical as the size of the space gets larger

(B) ever more critical as the size of the space increases

(D) one that is increasingly critical as there is an increase in the size of the space

(E) more critical with the size of the space getting larger

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★Redundancy

★Grammar (will?)

■ Gsc4-38 ■ 201108sun

Despite its inconveniences and irritations, jury service [can, and often is, the most rewarding civic duty that average citizens perform].

(A) can, and often is, the most rewarding civic duty that average citizens perform

(B) can be, and often is, the most rewarding civic duty that average citizens perform

(D) may have been, and often is, the most rewarding civic duty the average citizens perform

(E) might be, and often has been, the most rewarding civic duty average citizens have performed

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★動詞パラレル

★オリジナル意味は？

■ Gsc4-37 ■ 201101sun

[In combination, the trend of demographics and economics indicate] that the regions of the United States will continue to become more disparate in their problems and needs.

(A) In combination, the trend of demographics and economics indicate

(B) The trend of demographics and economics combined indicates

(D) Demographic and economic trends, in combination, indicate

(E) Demographic trends combine with the economic to indicate

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★パラレル

★単複

★Ambiguous Modifier

■ Gsc4-36 ■ 201028wed

According to the space agency, the proposed transmitter [would not last barely a month if it is] subjected to the intense heat of space.

(A) would not last barely a month if it is

(B) could not last hardly a month if it is

(D) would not last a month if it will be

(E) will not last a month if

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★ Redundancy: 否定

★ Tense: 仮定法

■ Gsc4-35 ■ 201025sun

Until fairly recently pre-Columbian artifacts were [regarded more often to be objects of archaeological interest than] artistic quality.

(A) regarded more often to be objects of archaeological interest than

(B) considered more often to be objects of archaeological interest rather than

(D) considered as being more often objects of archaeological interest than of

(E) regarded more often as being objects of archaeological interest instead of

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★ Diction: regard/ consider

★ Conciseness: being?

■ Gsc4-34 ■ 201021wed

Unlike [most suspension bridges, the main cables of the eighty-year-old Williamsburg Bridge are made of ungalvanized wire, which now requires] protection from corrosion.

(A) most suspension bridges, the main cables of the eighty-year-old Williamsburg Bridge are made of ungalvanized wire, which now requires

(B) most suspension bridges, the eighty-year-old Williamsburg Bridge's main cables are made of ungalvanized wire, which now requires

(C) most suspension bridges, the eighty-year-old Williamsburg Bridge has its main cables made of ungalvanized wire, which now require

(D) those of most suspension bridges, the main cables of the eighty-year-old Williamsburg Bridge are made of ungalvanized wire, which now requires

(E) those of most suspension bridges, the main cables of the eighty-year-old Williamsburg Bridge are made of ungalvanized wire, which now require

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★ パラレル：Unlike-> Like系

Llike O, S

S, like O, V

★ singular/ plural: which?

■ Gsc4-33 ■ 201018sun

(A) that the providers of mental health services be accountable for establishing

(B) accountability from the providers of mental health services to establish

(D) accountability for the providers of mental health services, establishing

(E) accountability from those who provide mental health services in order to establish

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★ Diction: demand that 原形

★ Conciseness: have +N->V

■ Gsc4-32 ■ 201014wed

(A) which was comparable to what was being imported by Europeans from the Far East for centuries

(B) which compared with that which Europeans imported from the Far East for centuries

(D) comparable to what Europeans had imported for centuries from the Far East

(E) that could be compared to what Europeans imported for centuries from the Far East

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★Coniseness: which?

★Diction: comparable to/ comparable with ?

■ Gsc4-31 ■

The key discovery in the scientific effort to understand fire was made in 1774 when Lavoisier recognized that [the apparent disappearance of matter in flames is an illusion].

(A) the apparent disappearance of matter in flames is an illusion

(B) the matter that apparently disappears in flames is an illusion

(D) it was an illusion that there is an apparent disappearance of matter in flames

(E) it was an illusion that matter apparently disappears in flames

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★Diction: apparent◎ apparetly xx

cf seeming xx seemingly◎

★Conciseness

■ Gsc4- 30 ■ 201007wed

(A) has an antibacterial action but by a mechanism that is neither understood nor similar to that of

(B) has an antibacterial action by a mechanism that is not understood, however, nor similar to

(D) acts against bacteria by a mechanism that is not understood, however, and is different from

(E) acts against bacteria, but it does so by a mechanism that is not understood and is different from that of

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★concise : have,do, make +N ????

★パラレル

■ Gsc4-29 ■ 201004sun

Since children who undergo preschool education have [been proven to be less liable] to need remedial programs later, preschool education programs are demonstrably cost effective.

(A) been proven to be less liable

(B) proved themselves not as liable

(D) proven to be less liable

(E) proven themselves not as likely

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★Diction

be likely to V
most/less（程度表現） likely
It it likely that節

xx will likely

xx would most likely

xx be liable to V

cf be liable for ◎

■ Gsc4-28 ■ 200930wed

On nearing the Earth, [charged particles coming from the Sun tend to be deflected toward the North and South Poles by the Earth's magnetic field].

(A) charged particles coming from the Sun tend to be deflected toward the North and South Poles by the Earth's magnetic field

(B) charged particles that come from the Sun tend to deflect toward the North and South Poles by the Earth's magnetic field

(C) charged particles tend to be deflected as they come from the Sun toward the North and South Poles by the Earth's magnetic field

(D) the Earth's magnetic field tends to deflect charged particles that come from the Sun toward the North and South poles

(E) the Earth's magnetic field tends to deflect toward the North and South Poles charged particles coming from the Sun

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★Dangling Modifier

★Trick: byを正当化するには。。。。？！

■ Gsc4-27 ■ 2000927sun

[Prospects for falling interest rates to continue improved last month] when the nation's money supply dropped sharply and a leading bank cut its prime lending rate a full percentage point.

(A) Prospects for falling interest rates to continue improved last month

(B) Prospects that interest rates will continue to fall improved last month

(D) Last month prospects improved for interest rates to continue to fall

(E) Last month prospects improved that falling interest rates will continue

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★Clarity/ Diction: continue

★Ambiguous modifier....................とすると？！

■ Gsc4-26 ■ 200920sun

Species of insects or birds that are accidentally introduced into a new country often become pests because [they now lack their predators from their former habitat].

(A) they now lack their predators from their former habitat

(B) of the predators they now lack from their former habitat

(D) the predators they encountered in their former habitat are now absent

(E) their predators they encountered in their former habitat are lacking now

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★Clarity: 句or節

★misplaced modifier

★conciseness................とすると？！

■ Gsc4-25 ■ 200916wed

During the first half of the nineteenth century, the growth in the commercial production of cotton [led to the plantation system expanding and the system's reliance on slave labor intensifying] .

(A) led to the plantation system expanding and the system's reliance on slave labor intensifying

(B) had led to the plantation system being expanded and the system's reliance on slave labor becoming more intense

(D) led to an expansion of the plantation system and an intensification of the system's reliance on slave labor

(E) had led to an expansion of the plantation system and had intensified their reliance on slave labor

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★Reference: あいまいthey

★Clarity, Diction: lead to O/ lead to V/ so, lead to -ing xx/ & lead to 何？

■ Gsc4-24 ■ 200913sun

[Through waste conversion into salable materials and using energy that would otherwise be wasted], many companies have found that they can reduce costs and pollution simultaneously.

(A) Through waste conversion into salable materials and using energy that would otherwise be wasted

(B) Through converting wastes into salable materials and the use of otherwise wasted energy

(D) By the converting of wastes into salable materials and waste energy use

(E) By waste conversion into salable materials and waste energy use

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★パラレル：A and B 釣り合ってるのは？

■ Gsc4-23 ■ 200909wed

(A) in that file they mostly

(B) in that file most

(D) most in that file

(E) most records in that file

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★Reference/ Clarity: あいまいthey

■ Gsc4-22 ■200902wed

If continued population growth [is unmatched by increases in food supply, large parts of the globe would] face widespread hunger and famine.

(A) is unmatched by increases in food supply, large parts of the globe would

(B) is not matched by increases in food supply, large parts of the globe will

(D) should be unmatched by increases in food supply, large parts of the globe can

(E) were to be unmatched by increases in food supply, large parts of the globe may

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★仮定法おさらい

仮定法過去

If I were a bird, I would fly to you.

仮定法現在（条件文）

50/50 chance

If she comes, I will be happy.

仮定法過去完了

If I had been a bird (then),

1) I would have flwn to you (then).

2) I would fly to you (now).

以下、仮定法未来

If she should cry, I will/ would be sad.

If the earth were to explode, we would die.

■ Gsc4-21 ■ 200830sun

[Founded in 1843, the Economist's weekly magazine circulation has now doubled to about 200,000, twice that of a decade ago].

(A) Founded in 1843, the Economist's weekly magazine circulation has now doubled to about 200,000, twice that of a decade ago.

(B) The Economist magazine, founded in 1843, now has a weekly circulation twice that of a decade ago, doubled to about 200,000.

(C) Founded in 1843, the weekly circulation of the magazine the Economist is now twice what it was a decade ago, doubled to about 200,000.

(D) The weekly the Economist, founded in 1843, has a magazine circulation that had doubled to about 200,000, twice a decade ago's.

(E) The Economist, a magazine founded in 1843, now has a weekly circulation of about 200,000, twice what it was a decade ago.

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★Redundancy: twice-double。。。とすると？！

■ Gsc4- 30 ■200826wed

(A) has an antibacterial action but by a mechanism that is neither understood nor similar to that of

(B) has an antibacterial action by a mechanism that is not understood, however, nor similar to

(D) acts against bacteria by a mechanism that is not understood, however, and is different from

(E) acts against bacteria, but it does so by a mechanism that is not understood and is different from that of

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★Concise: have/ make/ do + V -> V

★Concise:however + and->but。。。。。とすると？！

■ Gsc4-29 ■200823sun

Since children who undergo preschool education have [been proven to be less liable] to need remedial programs later, preschool education programs are demonstrably cost effective.

(A) been proven to be less liable

(B) proved themselves not as liable

(D) proven to be less liable

(E) proven themselves not as likely

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★

1) be likely to

2) most/least likely

3) it is likely that

likely (adv)

will likely

would likely

would most likely

(would↑most↓)

likelier

△

tend to

apt to

liable to (cf liable for 責任あり ok)。。。。とすると？！

■ Gsc4-28 ■200819sun

On nearing the Earth, [charged particles coming from the Sun tend to be deflected toward the North and South Poles by the Earth's magnetic field].

(A) charged particles coming from the Sun tend to be deflected toward the North and South Poles by the Earth's magnetic field

(B) charged particles that come from the Sun tend to deflect toward the North and South Poles by the Earth's magnetic field

(C) charged particles tend to be deflected as they come from the Sun toward the North and South Poles by the Earth's magnetic field

(D) the Earth's magnetic field tends to deflect charged particles that come from the Sun toward the North and South poles

(E) the Earth's magnetic field tends to deflect toward the North and South Poles charged particles coming from the Sun

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★ Dangling Modifier

★ Misplaced Modifier

★ Trick: byを正当化するには。。。。。？！

■ Gsc4-27 ■200816sun

[Prospects for falling interest rates to continue improved last month] when the nation's money supply dropped sharply and a leading bank cut its prime lending rate a full percentage point.

(A) Prospects for falling interest rates to continue improved last month

(B) Prospects that interest rates will continue to fall improved last month

(D) Last month prospects improved for interest rates to continue to fall

(E) Last month prospects improved that falling interest rates will continue

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★ Clarity & Diction : continueは？

★ Clarity & Diction : Phrase or Clause......とすると？！

■ Gsc4-26 ■ 200809sun

Species of insects or birds that are accidentally introduced into a new country often become pests because [they now lack their predators from their former habitat].

(A) they now lack their predators from their former habitat

(B) of the predators they now lack from their former habitat

(D) the predators they encountered in their former habitat are now absent

(E) their predators they encountered in their former habitat are lacking now

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★ Clarity: because of 句->because 節

★ Misplaced Modifier: their former habitatは何にかかる？

★ Diction: lack +O (meaning)。。。。とすると？！

■ Gsc4-25 ■200805wed

During the first half of the nineteenth century, the growth in the commercial production of cotton [led to the plantation system expanding and the system's reliance on slave labor intensifying].

(A) led to the plantation system expanding and the system's reliance on slave labor intensifying

(B) had led to the plantation system being expanded and the system's reliance on slave labor becoming more intense

(D) led to an expansion of the plantation system and an intensification of the system's reliance on slave labor

(E) had led to an expansion of the plantation system and had intensified their reliance on slave labor

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★Reference: they?

★Diction: lead to N, lead to V, so lead to -ingはｘ。。。。とすると？！

■ Gsc4-23 ■200802sun

(A) in that file they mostly

(B) in that file most

(D) most in that file

(E) most records in that file

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★Clarity: Which is the clearest?.......とすると？！

■ Gsc4-24 ■200729wed

[Through waste conversion into salable materials and using energy that would otherwise be wasted], many companies have found that they can reduce costs and pollution simultaneously.

(A) Through waste conversion into salable materials and using energy that would otherwise be wasted

(B) Through converting wastes into salable materials and the use of otherwise wasted energy

(D) By the converting of wastes into salable materials and waste energy use

(E) By waste conversion into salable materials and waste energy use

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★パラレリズム：A and B

★Diction: By -ing。。。。。とすると？！

■ Gsc4-22 ■200726sun

If continued population growth [is unmatched by increases in food supply, large parts of the globe would] face widespread hunger and famine.

(A) is unmatched by increases in food supply, large parts of the globe would

(B) is not matched by increases in food supply, large parts of the globe will

(D) should be unmatched by increases in food supply, large parts of the globe can

(E) were to be unmatched by increases in food supply, large parts of the globe may

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★仮定法!

仮定法過去

If I were a bird, I would fly to you.

仮定法現在（条件文）

50/50 chance

If she comes, I will be happy.

仮定法過去完了

If I had been a bird (then),

1) I would have flwn to you (then).

2) I would fly to you (now).

以下、仮定法未来

If she should cry, I will/ would be sad.

If the earth were to explode, we would die.

■ Gsc4-21 ■200719sun

[Founded in 1843, the Economist's weekly magazine circulation has now doubled to about 200,000, twice that of a decade ago.]

(A) Founded in 1843, the Economist's weekly magazine circulation has now doubled to about 200,000, twice that of a decade ago.

(B) The Economist magazine, founded in 1843, now has a weekly circulation twice that of a decade ago, doubled to about 200,000.

(C) Founded in 1843, the weekly circulation of the magazine the Economist is now twice what it was a decade ago, doubled to about 200,000.

(D) The weekly the Economist, founded in 1843, has a magazine circulation that had doubled to about 200,000, twice a decade ago's.

(E) The Economist, a magazine founded in 1843, now has a weekly circulation of about 200,000, twice what it was a decade ago.

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★Dangling Modifier

★Redundancy: double/twice。。。。とすると？！

■ Gsc4-20 ■200715wed

The proportion of the work force that is unionized has declined; only one worker in every five now belongs to a union, [rather than one in every four, like in 1955].

(A) rather than one in every four, like in 1955

(B) instead of one in every four, as in 1955

(D) unlike 1955, when it was one in every four

(E) whereas there was one in every four in 1955

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★Grammar: like=前置詞

★Conciseness.............とすると？！

■ Gsc4-19 ■200712sun

(A) in charge of administering the export control laws remains understaffed, and its enforcement efforts

(B) having charge of the administration of the export control laws remains understaffed, and their enforcement efforts

(D) in charge to administer the export control laws remain understaffed, and their efforts at enforcement

(E) charged with administering the export control laws remain understaffed, and their enforcement efforts

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★Diction: be in charge of

★Agreement。。。。とすると？！

■ Gsc4-18 ■200707wed

(A) drug prices, particularly the synthetic petrochemical derivatives

(B) drug prices, particularly the synthetic drugs derived from petrochemicals

(D) prices for drugs, in particular the synthetics derived of petrochemicals

(E) prices for drugs, particularly the synthetic drugs derived from petrochemicals

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★Diction: derive

★パラレルトリック：同格は。。。。。？！

■ Gsc4-17 ■200705sun

(A) Although much used in employment interviews as well as in police work, the validity of lie detector tests

(B) Although they are much used in both employment interviews and in police work, the validity of lie detector tests

(D) The validity of lie detector tests, in spite of being much used in both employment interviews and in police work,

(E) The validity of lie detector tests, although much used both in employment interviews and police work,

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★Dangling Modifier

★パラレル：both A and B

★Conciseness。。。。とすると？！

■ Gsc4-16 ■200631wed

The ratio of [salaries of managers to ordinary workers are substantially lower in Japan than the comparable ratio] in the United States.

(A) salaries of managers to ordinary workers are substantially lower in Japan than the comparable ratio

(B) salaries of managers to ordinary workers is substantially lower in Japan than is the comparable ratio

(D) managers' salaries to those of ordinary workers is substantially lower in Japan than

(E) managers' salaries to those of ordinary workers are substantially lower in Japan than is the comparable ratio

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★Grammar: s/p

★Redundancy-Comparison。。。。とすると？！

■ Gsc4-15 ■200628sun

(A) If a nuclear weapon were to be detonated above the atmosphere, it would generate not a blast, shock, nor heat, but

(B) If a nuclear weapon were to be detonated above the atmosphere, it would not generate a blast, shock, or heat, but rather

(D) A nuclear weapon detonated above the atmosphere would not generate a blast, shock, or heat, but rather

(E) A nuclear weapon detonated above the atmosphere would not generate a blast, shock, nor heat, but

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★Conciseness: If-it->SV

★Conciseness: 否定not a→no。。。。とすると？！

■ Gsc4-14 ■200624wed

The United States and Canada have agreed to joint action on acid rain, an environmental pollutant [that each exports to the other].

(A) that each exports to the other

(B) each is exporting to the other one

(D) they are exporting to one another

(E) that they both export to each other

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★Clarity: [each=A B]/ [the other=B A]

■ Gsc4-13 ■200621sun

(A) International loans that are extensive and in some cases exceeding the total equity of the lending bank have exposed them

(B) International loans that are extensive in size and exceeding in some cases the total equity of the lending banks expose the lenders

(D) Extensive international loans, exceeding in some cases the total equity of the lending banks, have exposed the lenders

(E) Extensive international loans, in some cases exceeding the total equity of the lending bank, have exposed them

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★Clarity: who's "them?"

★Conciseness。。。。。。とすると？！

■ Gsc4-12 ■200617wed

(A) with whom, as

(B) with whom, when he was

(D) whom, being

(E) whom, as

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★Grammar(with whom?):パラレルを観察

★Concise、、、、、とすると？！

■ Gsc4-11 ■200614sun

When there is disagreement in a criminal case?that is, when reasonable doubt becomes an element in the verdict?a jury is six times [more likely to acquit as to convict a defendant].

(A) more likely to acquit as to convict a defendant

(B) more likely to acquit than to convict a defendant

(D) likelier to acquit a defendant rather than convict

(E) likelier that a defendant will be acquitted rather than convicted

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★Comparison: more A than B

★Ｇｏｏｄ！

1) be likely to

2) most/least likely

3) it is likely that

likely (adv)

will likely

would likely

would most likely

(would↑most↓)

likelier

△

tend to

apt to

liable to (cf liable for 責任あり ok)

■ Gsc4-10 ■200610wed

[It is known that consuming too much sodium makes a contribution to hypertension], which is a factor in half the deaths in the United States each year.

(A) It is known that consuming too much sodium makes a contribution to hypertension

(B) The consumption of too much sodium is known to have made a contribution to hypertension

(D) Contributing to hypertension is the consuming of too much sodium

(E) Known to contribute to hypertension is the consumption of too much sodium

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★Concise/ Diction: be known to V

★Concise: make a contribution<contribute

■ Gsc4-9 ■200607sun

Income tax indexing is intended to eliminate the [constant tax increase that results as inflation pushes individuals] into higher tax brackets.

(A) constant tax increase that results as inflation pushes individuals

(B) constant tax increase as a result of individuals being pushed by inflation

(D) constantly increasing taxes that result because of inflation pushing individuals

(E) constantly increasing taxes because individuals are pushed by inflation

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★Clarity: 句ing→節

(as a result of ing, because of -ng)

★Modifier: resultがかかるのは？

■ Gsc4-8 ■200603wed

(A) It is possible that future spacecraft will be slowly propelled

(B) It is possible for future spacecraft to be propelled slowly

(D) Future spacecraft could possibly slowly be propelled

(E) It could be possible that future spacecraft be propelled slowly

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★Redundancy: possible-could?

★Modifier: 何がpossible?

★Style: 意味上の主語まで動員して句にする必要あり？

■ Gsc4-7 ■200531sun

(A) are able to make hospital stays shorter and to reduce

(B) may make hospital stays shorter and make a reduction in

(D) can shorten hospital stays and reduce

(E) will shorten hospital stays, reducing

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★Concise:

be able to vs can

make O short vs shorten

make a reduction vs reduce

■ Gsc4-6 ■200527wed

Few baskets made by Southern California Indians would have survived to the present [had it not been for] enthusiastic collectors at the turn of the century.

(A) had it not been for

(B) unless there had been

(D) were it not due to

(E) except that there were

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★If構文：仮定法過去完了If it had not been for= Had it not been for

仮定法過去

If I were a bird, I would fly to you.

仮定法現在（条件文）

50/50 chance

If she comes, I will be happy.

仮定法過去完了

If I had been a bird (then),

1) I would have flwn to you (then).

2) I would fly to you (now).

以下、仮定法未来

If she should cry, I will/ would be sad.

If the earth were to explode, we would die.

■ Gsc4-5 ■200524sun

(A) the people who are most economically vulnerable are safeguarded from being exploited, while other critics argue it leads to people being unemployed

(B) the people safeguarded from being exploited are the most economically vulnerable, whereas the critics argue it leads to people being unemployed

(C) it is a safeguard so that the most economically vulnerable are not exploited, whereas the critics contend that it is a cause of unemployment

(D) it safeguards the most economically vulnerable from exploitation, while its critics contend that it is a cause of unemployment

(E) it has safeguarded the people who are most economically vulnerable from being exploited, while its critics contend that it leads to people being unemployed

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★Concise/Diction:

lead to N

lead to V

lead to （意味上の主語）~ing xxxx

★Concise: who are?

★Concise: is a safegard v safegards....とすると？！

■ Gsc4-4 ■ 200520wed

[Unlike] neighboring Pompeii, the inhabitants of Herculaneum had time to flee before their city was buried under volcanic mud when Vesuvius erupted on August 24 in A.D. 79.

(A) Unlike

(B) Unlike those of

(D) Different than those in

(E) Dissimilar to

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★パラレル：Unlike O, S V

■ Gsc4-3 ■200517sun

(A) Since Ruth Benedict was an early and outspoken opponent of racial prejudice, and she

(B) An early and outspoken opponent of racial prejudice, Ruth Benedict

(D) Ruth Benedict's early and outspoken opposition to racial prejudice

(E) The outspoken Ruth Benedict, early opposed to racial prejudice,

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★Grammar: 接続詞の重複には気を付けよう。

★SV: argueした主体は？

★Conciseに表現すると。。。？！

■ Gsc4-2 ■200513wed

Because Congress acted to adjust food stamp benefits [only once a year for inflation, not two times, there was a benefit reduction of] $600 million annually.

(A) only once a year for inflation, not two times, there was a benefit reduction of

(B) only once annually for inflation, not two times, the amount paid in benefits were reduced by

(D) for inflation only once a year, rather than twice, the amount paid in benefits was reduced by

(E) for inflation only one time a year, not twice, there was a reduction of the amount paid in benefits of

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★Conciseness:

one time→once,

two times→twice

■ Gsc4-1 ■200510sun

Puritan tracts were concerned with hell and damnation, and fiction was considered [as of harm to] the reader's moral fiber.

(A) as of harm to

(B) to be a harm to

(D) as harming

(E) to be harming to

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★concise/ diction: consider OC

■ Gsc3-40 ■200506wed

(A) that are more than a thousand times as high per bacterium than

(B) that are more than a thousand times higher per bacterium as

(D) as much as a thousand times as high per bacterium than

(E) as much as a thousand times higher per bacterium as

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★more->than/ as->as

■ Gsc3-39 ■200503sun

The architectural problem of how to enclose and articulate interior space becomes [increasingly critical as the size of the space gets larger].

(A) increasingly critical as the size of the space gets larger

(B) ever more critical as the size of the space increases

(D) one that is increasingly critical as there is an increase in the size of the space

(E) more critical with the size of the space getting larger

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★基本：Conciseness

★基本：Grammar: 副詞節の規則は？

★応用：Redundancyを探す。

■ Gsc3-38 ■200429wed

Despite its inconveniences and irritations, jury service [can, and often is, the most rewarding civic duty that average citizens perform].

(A) can, and often is, the most rewarding civic duty that average citizens perform

(B) can be, and often is, the most rewarding civic duty that average citizens perform

(D) may have been, and often is, the most rewarding civic duty the average citizens perform

(E) might be, and often has been, the most rewarding civic duty average citizens have performed

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★動詞の並列は、そのすべてが目的格にちゃんと接合するように！

★動詞は形を変えると、当然意味も変わる。。。。。とすると？！

■ Gsc3-37 ■200426sun

[In combination, the trend of demographics and economics indicate] that the regions of the United States will continue to become more disparate in their problems and needs.

(A) In combination, the trend of demographics and economics indicate

(B) The trend of demographics and economics combined indicates

(D) Demographic and economic trends, in combination, indicate

(E) Demographic trends combine with the economic to indicate

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★SVの組み合わせが明快なのは。。。。？！

■ Gsc3-36 ■200422wed

According to the space agency, the proposed transmitter [would not last barely a month if it is] subjected to the intense heat of space.

(A) would not last barely a month if it is

(B) could not last hardly a month if it is

(D) would not last a month if it will be

(E) will not last a month if

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★語法：二重否定禁止。

★時制は。。。。。？！

■ Gsc3-35 ■200419sun

Until fairly recently pre-Columbian artifacts were [regarded more often to be objects of archaeological interest than] artistic quality.

(A) regarded more often to be objects of archaeological interest than

(B) considered more often to be objects of archaeological interest rather than

(D) considered as being more often objects of archaeological interest than of

(E) regarded more often as being objects of archaeological interest instead of

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★Diction: regard A as B

★Concise: being?............とすると？！

■ Gsc2-34 ■200415wed

Unlike [most suspension bridges, the main cables of the eighty-year-old Williamsburg Bridge are made of ungalvanized wire, which now requires] protection from corrosion.

(A) most suspension bridges, the main cables of the eighty-year-old Williamsburg Bridge are made of ungalvanized wire, which now requires

(B) most suspension bridges, the eighty-year-old Williamsburg Bridge's main cables are made of ungalvanized wire, which now requires

(C) most suspension bridges, the eighty-year-old Williamsburg Bridge has its main cables made of ungalvanized wire, which now require

(D) those of most suspension bridges, the main cables of the eighty-year-old Williamsburg Bridge are made of ungalvanized wire, which now requires

(E) those of most suspension bridges, the main cables of the eighty-year-old Williamsburg Bridge are made of ungalvanized wire, which now require

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★パラレル：Unlike O, S V（ＯＳはパラレル）

★whichが指すのは。。。。。。？！

■ Gsc3-33 ■200412sun

(A) that the providers of mental health services be accountable for establishing

(B) accountability from the providers of mental health services to establish

(D) accountability for the providers of mental health services, establishing

(E) accountability from those who provide mental health services in order to establish

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★Diction: demand that--動詞原形--

★Conciseness/Elegance: have, make, do+ N---??とすると？！

■ Gsc3-32 ■200408wed

(A) which was comparable to what was being imported by Europeans from the Far East for centuries

(B) which compared with that which Europeans imported from the Far East for centuries

(D) comparable to what Europeans had imported for centuries from the Far East

(E) that could be compared to what Europeans imported for centuries from the Far East

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★Conciseness: which/that必要？

★Disction: comparable to=匹敵....とすると？！

■ Gsc3-31 ■200405sun

The key discovery in the scientific effort to understand fire was made in 1774 when Lavoisier recognized that [the apparent disappearance of matter in flames is an illusion].

(A) the apparent disappearance of matter in flames is an illusion

(B) the matter that apparently disappears in flames is an illusion

(D) it was an illusion that there is an apparent disappearance of matter in flames

(E) it was an illusion that matter apparently disappears in flames

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★Diction: apparently x/ seeming x

★Conciseなのは。。。。？！

■ Gsc3- 30 ■200401wed

(A) that lives and works downtown and also provides

(B) to live and work downtown and also provide

(D) which lives as well as works downtown and also provides

(E) who live as well as work downtown and also provides

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★whoは人のみ

★whichは非制限用法

★andの後ろは何にかかる？

■ Gsc3-29 ■200329sun

[ A publication may be sued for libel in any state where it regularly circulates under a unanimous ruling by the Supreme Court.]

(A) A publication may be sued for libel in any state where it regularly circulates under a unanimous ruling by the Supreme Court.

(B) A publication may be sued for libel in any state where it has regular circulation under a unanimous ruling by the Supreme Court.

(C) Under a unanimous ruling by the Supreme Court, a publication may be sued for libel in any state in which it regularly circulates.

(D) Under a unanimous ruling by the Supreme Court, a publication may be sued for libel in any state in which there is regular circulation.

(E) Under a unanimous ruling by the Supreme Court, there may be a suit for libel in any state in which a publication regularly circulates.

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★Misplaced Modifier: under a unanimous ruling by the Supreme Courtがかかるのは、suedの文？circulatesの文？

■ Gsc3-28 ■200325wed

After three months of investigation, it became apparent that both local and state taxes have not [and probably will not be paid] by the insolvent corporation .

(A) and probably will not be paid

(B) been and probably will not be paid

(D) been paid nor probably will be

(E) and will not be paid, probably,

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★V and V -> 後ろの接続を見る

■ Gsc3-27 ■200322sun

Alcohol is the only drug that is soluble in both fat and [water; as such it can enter all parts of the human body, affecting] virtually every cell and biological pathway.

(A) water; as such it can enter all parts of the human body, affecting

(B) water; as such entering all parts of the human body, and affecting

(D) water, and as such entering all parts of the human body to affect

(E) water, which can enter all parts of the human body to affect

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★whichは先行詞との整合性を見る

★andはパラレルを確認する( A and B ＡとBは釣り合ってるか）

★セミコロン(;)は接続詞の役割を持つ。。。とすると？！

■ Gsc3-26 ■200318wed

The writer Alice Walker [regards Stevie Wonder to be a spiritual singer rather than] a pop singer, and so she opened The Color Purple with a quotation from his song “Do Like You."

(A) regards Stevie Wonder to be a spiritual singer rather than

(B) regards Stevie Wonder as being a spiritual singer instead of

(D) considers Stevie Wonder to bc a spiritual singer instead of

(E) considers Stevie Wonder as being a spiritual singer rather than

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★Diction: reagard/ considerの用法は？

■ Gsc3-25 ■200321sun

(A) Israeli archaeologists have excavated the main Roman entryway into the Old City and succeeded in unearthing a guard tower,

(B) the main Roman entryway into the Old City was excavated by Israeli archaeologists, who succeeded in unearthing a guard tower,

(C) the guard tower successfully unearthed by Israeli archaeologists excavating the main Roman entryway into the Old City is

(D) the Israeli archaeologists' excavation of the main Roman entryway into the Old City has succeeded in unearthing a guard tower that is

(E) success was achieved by Israeli archaeologists h unearthing a guard tower as they were excavating the main Roman entryway to the Old City,

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★Dangling Modifier一発！

■ Gsc2-24 ■200311wed

A growing number of the decisions made at federal, state, and local levels [ involves technical judgments that much of the elecorate is unable knowledgeably to challenge].

(A) involves technical judgments that much of the electorate is unable knowledgeably to challenge

(B) involves technical judgments unable to be challenged knowledgeably by much of the electorate

(D) involve technical judgments that much of the electorate cannot knowledgeably challenge

(E) involve technical judgments incapable of being knowledgeably challenged by much of the electorate

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★s/p(a number of)

★受動＜能動。。。。。とすると？！

■ Gsc3-23 ■200308sun

(A) with about one hundred inches of rainfall a year, on the average, alternating with

(B) where rainfall, averaging about one hundred inches a year, alternates with

(D) averaging about one hundred inches of rainfall annually, alternating between

(E) averaging annually about one hundred inches of rainfall alternately with

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★Diction: A alternates with B

★同一表現異場面使用の禁止。。。とすると？！

■ Gsc3-22 ■200301sun

(A) all Native American tribes, even former enemies, to resist the cession of individual parcels of land by forming an intertribal confederacy and under it there will be

(B) that all Native American tribes, and even former enemies, resist the cession of individual parcels of land by forming an intertribal confederacy and under it there would be

(c) that all Native American tribes, even former enemies, should be resistant to the cession of individual parcels of land by forming an intertribal confederacy and under it they would have

(D) all Native American tribes, even former enemies, to resist the cession of individual parcels of land by forming an intertribal confederacy under which there would be

(E) all Native American tribes, and even former enemies, that they were to resist the cession of individual parcels of land, form an intertribal confederacy, and under it they would have

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★Diction: urge one to V

★Concise: and under it < under which とすると。。。？！

■ Gsc3-21 ■200226wed

Unlike earlier satellites that last a year or two before failing, [the life span of the new orbiting observatories is expected] to be ten to twenty years.

(A) the life span of the new orbiting observatories is expected to be

(B) the life span of the new orbiting observatories, it is expected, will be

(I)) the expectation is for the new orbiting observatories to have a life span of

(E) the new orbiting observatories are expected to have a life span of

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★パラレル：Unlike O, S Vは、ＯＳがパラレル、とすると。。。？！

■ Gsc3-20 ■200223sun

When rates were raised in 1985, postal service officials predicted [they would make further rate increases unnecessary] for at least three years.

(A) they would make further rate increases unnecessary

(B) they would mean that further rate increases would not be needed

(D) that the increase would make further rate increases unnecessary

(E) further rate increases will not be needed

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★that節にはthatを！

★Reference: they/itとは.......？!

■ Gsc3-19 ■200219wed

(A) to lower the underground water level and dig trenches

(B) to lower the underground water level and to dig trenches

(D) that lower the underground water level and that trenches be dug

(E) that lower the underground water level and trench digging

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★何がパラレルか？to---or,,,,,,,?!

■ Gsc3-18 ■200216sun

[Under Napoleon the French were not able to organize an adequate supply system, and it] was a major cause of the failure of their invasion of Russia.

(A) Under Napoleon the French were not able to organize an adequate supply system, and it

(B) The French being unable to organize an adequate supply system under Napoleon

(D) The inability of the French under Napoleon to organize an adequate supply system

(E) The French inability under Napoleon of organizing an adequate supply system

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★Diction: ability (of one) to Vと考えると。。。？！

★Reference: it（指示語）の対象は名詞のみ。

★Conciseness: being unable to->inability

■ Gsc3-17 ■200212wed

[Although just inside the orbit of] Jupiter, amateur astronomers with good telescopes should be able to see the comet within the next few weeks.

(A) Although just inside the orbit of

(B) Although it is just inside the orbit of

(D) Orbiting just inside

(E) Having orbited just inside

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★Dangling Modiier: inside the oribitにいるのは。。。？！

■ Gsc3-16 ■200209sun

(A) that any chemical banned on medical grounds in the United States be prohibited from sale to other countries

(B) that any chemical be prohibited from sale to other countries that was banned on medical grounds in the United States

(D) prohibiting that any chemical banned on medical grounds in the United States is sold to other countries

(E) that any chemical banned in the United States on medical grounds is prohibited from being sold to other countries

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★directive->要求+that+原形

★Diction: prohibit O/ prohibit one from -ing

とすると。。。？！

■ Gsc3-15 ■200205wed

According to his own account, Frederic-Auguste Bartholdi, the sculptor of the Statue of Liberty, [modeled the face of the statue like his mother's and the body like his wife's].

(A) modeled the face of the statue like his mother's and the body like his wife's

(B) modeled the face of the statue after that of his mother and the body after that of his wife

(D) made the face of the statue after his mother and the body after his wife

(E) made the face of the statue look like his mother and the body look like his wife

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★パラレル：A-a, B-b

★Diction: 「ちなんで」はどう言う？

■ Gsc3-14 ■200202sun

Several senior officials spoke to the press on condition [that they not be named] in the story.

(A) that they not be named

(B) that their names will not be used

(D) of not being named

(E) they will not be named

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★要求表現+that節は、動詞原形

★英語は動詞を軸とする言語

とすると。。。。。？！

■ Gsc3-13 ■200129wed

(A) indicate the possibility that everyone alive today might be descended from a single female ancestor who

(B) indicate that everyone alive today might possibly be a descendant of a single female ancestor who had

(D) indicates that everyone alive today may be a descendant of a single female ancestor who

(E) indicates that everyone alive today might be a descendant from a single female ancestor who

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★Ｓはsingular or plural?

★可能性がある(may)のはindicateでいいのかな？

★文は明確に（Elements of Style):不要な婉曲廃止。。。。とすると？

■ Gsc3-12 ■200126sun

Most nations regard their airspace [as extending] upward as high as an aircraft can fly; no specific altitude, however, has been officially recognized as a boundary.

(A) as extending

(B) as the extent

(D) to be an extension

(E) to extend

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★diction: regard A as B

★upward は動きを表す、とすると。。。？

■ Gsc3-11 ■200122wed

Several studies have found that the coronary patients who exercise most actively [have half or less than half the chance of dying of a heart attack as those who are sedentary].

(A) have half or less than half the chance of dying of a heart attack as those who are sedentary

(B) have half the chance, or less, of dying of a heart attack than those who are sedentary do

(D) are at least fifty percent less likely to die of a heart attack as those who are sedentary

(E) are at least fifty percent less likely than those who are sedentary to die of a heart attack

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★パラレル：thanはmoreには対応するが原級は？

diction: likely

1) be likely to

2) most/ less（程度）likely

3) it is likely that

■ Gsc3-10 ■200119sun

More than five thousand years ago, Chinese scholars accurately described the flow of blood as a continuous circle controlled by the heart, [but it went] unnoticed in the West.

(A) but it went

(B) but it was

(D) but the discovery went

(E) although the discovery was

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★diction: go unnoticed

★より明確なのは。。。。？

■ Gsc3-9 ■200115wed

(A) increase the likelihood of imitative violence that erupts

(B) increase the likelihood that there will be an eruption of imitative violence

(D) increases the likelihood for imitative violence to erupt

(E) increases the likelihood that imitative violence will erupt

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★singular/ plural

★diction: likelihood

■ Gsc3-8 ■200112sun

(A) to the staff of

(B) to those who staff

(D) and staffing

(E) and the staff of

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★パラレル：from A to B

とすると。。。？

■ Gsc3-7 ■ 200108wed

As many as 300 of [the 720 paintings attributed to Rembrandt may] actually be the works of his students or other admirers.

(A) the 720 paintings attributed to Rembrandt may

(B) the 720 paintings attributed to be Rembrandt's might

(D) the 720 Rembrandt paintings that were once attributed to him might

(E) Rembrandt's paintings, although 720 were once attributed to him, may

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★diction: attribute-to O (attribute -to V xxx)

★指示語は名詞のみを対象とする（所有格は対象外）

★that wereはconcise?

■ Gsc3-6 ■200105sun

Because young children do not organize their attention or perceptions systematically, [like adults], they may notice and remember details that their elders ignore.

(A) like adults

(B) unlike an adult

(D) as adults do

(E) as an adult

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★Like O vs as節：Like O, S V/ S, like O, Vは最強。

S V N, like O ????

▽

as節

Cf as 句(~として）

■ Gsc3-5 ■200101wed

(A) biophysicists have discovered a striking similarity between algae and cows

(B) a striking similarity between algae and cows has been discovered by biophysicists

(D) the discovery of a striking similarity between algae and cows was made by biophysicists

(E) algae and cows have a striking similarity that was discovered by biophysicists

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★Dangling Modifier一発！：studyしている主体がsubjectとすると。。。。。？

■ Gsc3-4 ■191229sun

Framed by traitorous colleagues, Alfred Dreyfus was imprisoned for twelve years before [there was exoneration and his freedom].

(A) there was exoneration and his freedom

(B) he was to be exonerated with freedom

(D) exoneration and his freedom

(E) being freed, having been exonerated

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★パラレルのルール: A and B

A Bをきれいに釣り合わせると。。。？

■ Gsc3-3 ■191225wed

It was the loss of revenue from declines in tourism that in 1935 led the Saudi [authorities' granting a concession for oil exploration to the company that would later be known by the name] of Aramco.

(A) authorities' granting a concession for oil exploration to the company that would later be known by the name of

(B) authorities' granting a concession for oil exploration to the company later to be known as named

(D) authorities to grant a concession for oil exploration to the company that later will be known as being

(E) authorities to grant a concession for oil exploration to the company later to be known as

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★dictionルール:

Lead ( one) to Vはok

Lead ( one) to Oはok

とすると、

Lead ( one) to （意味上の主語）-ingは？は？

★dictionルール:

be known to V

be known as N

とすると。。。？

■ Gsc3-2 ■191222sun

Most victims of infectious mononucleosis recover after a few weeks of listlessness, [but an unlucky few may suffer] for years.

(A) but an unlucky few may suffer

(B) and an unlucky few have suffered

(D) that a few being unlucky may suffer

(E) but a few who, being unlucky, suffered

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★節とのパラレルは？

★an unlucky fewは報道常套表現。

★動詞部分が異なると意味が異なる、とすると。。。？

■ Gsc3-1 ■191218wed

During the first one hundred fifty years of the existence of this republic, no one expected the press [was] fair; newspapers were mostly shrill, scurrilous, and partisan.

(A) was

(B) to be

(D) should be

(E) had to be

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★diction: expect one to Vとすると。。。。？

■ Gsc2-40 ■191215sun

The Mormons' interest in genealogy stems from [a belief as to family relationships being intended

to remain] eternal.

(A) a belief as to family relationships being intended to remain

(B) beliefs that family relationships are intended that they be

(D) their believing that family relationships intend to remain

(E) beliefs in family relationships intended to be

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★as toは？→look up "The Elements"

★意味上の主語まで持ち出す順動詞って？

★diction: intendは？で、なににかかる？(ambiguous modifier)

■ Gsc2-39 ■191211wed

Unlike grains, cotton, or tobacco, [spoilage is so quick with peanuts that farmers cannot store

them from year to year].

(A) spoilage is so quick with peanuts that farmers cannot store them from year to year

(B) because of quick spoilage, farmers cannot store peanuts from year to year

(D) peanuts cannot be stored by farmers from year to year because of quick spoilage

(E) peanuts spoil so quickly that farmers cannot store them from year to year

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★Unlike O, S V（OとＳはパラレル）

★能動 vs 受動は当然。。。？

■ Gsc2-38 ■191208sun

Most meteoroids are reduced to small fragments when they encounter the lower layers of the

Earth's atmosphere because [of air friction's producing heat which melts away surface material].

(A) of air friction's producing heat which melts away surface material

(B) of heat produced by air friction melting away surface material

(D) the heat produced by air friction melts away their surface material

(E) surface material is melted away by air friction's producing heat

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★because節 vs because ofは当然。。。？

★能動 vs 受動は当然。。。？

★becauseの対象は？

■ Gsc2-37 ■191205thu

(A) whether the evidence warrants restricting its use or removing it

(B) whether there is evidence that warrants a restriction of use or removal

(D) if there is evidence that warrants restriction of its use or removing it

(E) if the evidence warrants that its use be restricted or that it be removed

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★ whether vs ifは当然。。。？

★ パラレル( A or B)で考えると。。。？

■ Gsc2-36 ■191201sun

Corporate finance committees do not plan the detailed activities of the various divisions in a

large firm, but [by their allocation of investment funds they make strategic judgments as to where the firm should expand].

(A) by their allocation of investment funds they make strategic judgments as to where the firm should expand

(B) when they allocate investment funds, they make strategic judgments about where the firm might be expanding

(D) by allocating investment funds, they will make strategic judgments about where the firm might be expanding

(E) allocations of investments funds as to where the firm should expand are their exercise in strategic judgment

■ 解法のテクニック ■

●動詞部分(should)を変えたら意味が変わってくるね。

●一見のかっこよさにだまされるな！by their allocation of investment fundsは何にかかる？（they make strategic judgments? Or where the firm should expand?)

■ Gsc2-35 ■191127wed

When scrap steel is recycled, energy is saved in the mining, transportation, and [processing of not only iron ore but also of coal and limestone].

(A) processing of not only iron ore but also of coal and limestone

(B) processing not only of iron ore but also of coal and limestone

(D) the processing of not only iron ore but of coal and limestone as well

(E) the processing of not iron ore only but of coal and limestone as well

■ 解法のテクニック ■

Easy-peasy! Not only A but also B. A-Bパラレル、だから。。。。？！

■ Gsc2-34 ■191125mon

[Rejecting its argument that the Masters Dog Training Club's primary aim was to teach people to train dogs, the court ruled the club ineligible for tax exemption as an educational group].

(A) Rejecting its argument that the Masters Dog Training Club's primary aim was to teach people to train dogs, the court ruled the club ineligible for tax exemption as an educational group.

(E) The court ruled the Masters Dog Training Club not eligible to be exempted from taxes as an educational group, rejecting the argument that the primary aim was to teach people to train dogs.

■ 解法のテクニック ■

1 指示語(it)は名刺しかさせないから、(A)(B)はアウト。また指し得るものがたくさんあると。。。？

2 eligibleのidiomは。。。？

■ Gsc2-33 ■191120wed

(A) as fast as two and a half times the rate that was

(B) two and a half times as fast as it had been

(D) a rate two and a half times as fast as

(E) which is a rate two and a half times faster than had been

■ 解法のテクニック ■

1 xx倍の公式：

xx times as A as B ( xx times as fast as)

xx times more A than B ( xx times faster than)

xx times the 尺度 of B ( xx times the speed of)

2 以前考えられていたのと比べて： than (previously) thought/ believed/ imagined/ known….

とすると。。。。？

■ Gsc2-32 ■191117

History has not been kind to Sara Teasdale, but she won a Pulitzer award and saw a book of her verse on the best-seller list, a feat [none of the poets of today will likely duplicate].

(A) none of the poets of today will likely duplicate

(B) no poet today is likely to duplicate

(D) poets of today are not likely to reduplicate

(E) likely to be unduplicated by poets of today

■ 解法のテクニック ■

1 diction:

1) be likely to

2) most/ less（程度表現を入れ）likely

3) It is likely that

以外はphony !

2 あいまいnot->no

3 受け身より能動。。。。とすると？！

■ Gsc2-31 ■191113

(A) making the laws and those expected to obey the laws means a greater

(B) making the laws and those expected to obey them increases the

(D) who make the laws and those who are expected to obey the laws, the greater the

(E) who make the laws and those who are expected to obey the laws increases the

■ 解法のテクニック ■

1 「The比較～、the比較」は簡単だね。あとはconciseでみると。。。？

■ Gsc2-30 ■191110

[Millions of workers have jobs that are able to be done as well at home as at the office, instead of

consuming the gasoline used to get to work.].

(A) Millions of workers have jobs that are able to be done as well at home as at the office, instead of consuming the gasoline used to get to work.

(B) Millions of workers have jobs that can be done as well at home as the office, rather than consume the gasoline they must use to get to work.

(C) Instead of consuming the gasoline used to get to work, millions of workers have jobs that are able to be done as well at home as at the office.

(D) Rather than consume the gasoline used to get to work, millions of workers can do their jobs as well at home as the office.

(E) Instead of using gasoline to get to work, millions of workers could do their jobs as well at home as at the office.

■ 解法のテクニック ■

1 conciseness: be able to->can

2 パラレル: A rather than B

3 redundancyを考えると。。。。。？

■ Gsc2-29 ■191107

[The rate of metabolism reactions of an organism of a complex nature is limited by the rate at which] waste products are removed through the animal's specialized circulatory and excretory systems.

(A) The rate of metabolism reactions of an organism of a complex nature is limited by the rate at which

(B) The rate of metabolic reactions in a complex organism is limited by the rate at which

(D) A complex organism's rate of metabolic reactions are limited by the rate at which

(E) A complex organism's rate of metabolism reactions is limited by the rate at which

■ 解法のテクニック ■

1 (at) a/the rate at whichは強い！！

Speed/ paceも同様。

ついでに、(to) an/the extent/degree to which

2 名詞を修飾するのは形容詞。とすると。。。？

■ Gsc2-28 ■191103

(A) secondary, for their failure that the children did not learn

(B) secondly, for their failure to teach the children

(D) second, that they failed to teach the children

(E) second, failing to teach the children

■ 解法のテクニック ■

1) secondaryは形容詞、secondlyは副詞。でもそんな悠長なこと言ってる以前に、conciseなのは？またパラレルで考えると？

2) fail to V= Vに失敗、ならば。。。？

■ Gsc2-27 ■191030

The versions of Spanish spoken in Madrid and in Buenos Aires are [as distinct one from the other as] the kinds of English spoken in Edinburgh and in Atlanta.

(A) as distinct one from the other as

(B) as distinct from each other as

(D) distinctive from each other as are

(E) as distinctive one from the other as

■ 解法のテクニック ■

1 diction:（ distinctive独特の->be distinct from異なる）より、(A) or (B) 。

2 each other お互い（二者の間）

cf one another お互い（三者以上の間）

■ Gsc2-26 ■191028

To Adam Smith, economics was thought to have much to teach about the creation of wealth but relatively little about its distribution.

(A) To Adam Smith, economics was thought to have

(B) To Adam Smith's belief, economics has

(D) To Adam Smith's belief, economics had

(E) Economics, to Adam Smith's belief, has

■ 解法のテクニック ■

基本英作テクニック。Concisenessで考えると（英文はSVが軸）。。。？

■ Gsc2-25 ■191024

Baseball is unique [for the major sports because it is the only ball game in which the team does not have possession of the ball on offense] .

(A) for the major sports because it is the only ball game in which the team does not have possession of the ball on offense

(B) for the major sports in that it is the only ball game that the team on offense does not have possession of the ball

(D) among major sports in that it is the only ball game in which the team on offense does not have possession of the ball

(E) among the major sports by being the only ball game in which the team does not have possession of the ball on offense

■ 解法のテクニック ■

1 Clarity（前置詞の意味）：for→among～のうちで。

2 Misplaced Modifier: (C) (D) (E) のうち、on offenceの正しい配置は？

■ Gsc2-24 ■191021mon

(A) transportation to the Alaska coast, where it will go to processing plants there

(B) transportation to Alaska coast processing plants

(D) transporting it to the Alaska coast, where it will go to processing plants there

(E) transporting it to processing plants on the Alaska coast

■ 解法のテクニック ■

1 パラレルのルール：A, B, and C のABCはつり合いが取れているかな？この場合、the costs ofの後ろを見る。下線のないextractingが-ingなら、、、、？

■ Gsc2-23 ■191017thu

President Carter urged that women as well as men be required to register for the draft.

(A) as well as men be

(B) as well as men are to be

(D) like men should be

(E) like men are to be

■ 解法のテクニック ■

1 ルール：要求表現のthat節は、動詞原形を用いる。(urge+that+V原形)

その際、shouldは絶対に用いてはならない。

とすると。。。。。？

■ Gsc2-22 ■191014mon

(A) needed so that they could sustain themselves, but not the tools for advancement and competition

(B) needed for sustaining themselves, but not produce the tools for advancement and competition

(D) necessary to sustain itself, but not the tools to advance and compete

(E) necessary for it to sustain itself, but not produce the tools to advance and compete

■ 解法のテクニック ■

1 reference: 指示語は文の中の名詞を指す必要がある。(A) (B) (C) でthey/ themselvesが指している名詞は…….？

■ Gsc2-21 ■191011fri

[Like that of Haydn] , Schubert also wrote a great deal for the stage, but he is remembered principally for his concert-hall and chamber music.

(A) Like that of Haydn

(B) Like Haydn's music

(D) Similar to Haydn

(E) Like Haydn

■ 解法のテクニック ■

Concise

Like O, S V

S, like O, V

Cf Beware of

S V N, like O ???

■ Gsc2-19 ■191007

(A) conflicts plague a small company, conflicts that in the past might have led to dissolution of the business, executives are likely to

(B) conflicts plague a small company, conflicts that might have in the past led to its dissolution, executives likely will

(C) conflicts plague a small company, which in the past might have led to the business' dissolution, executives are liable to

(D) conflicts, which in the past might have led to dissolution of the business, plague a small company, executives are liable to

(E) conflicts, which in the past might have led to its dissolution, plague a small company, executives tend to

■ 解法のテクニック ■

可能性・蓋然性を表すlikelyの用法は、

一位：be likely to V ………..1

二位：most/less likely （程度表現を必ず伴った副詞として）

三位：It is likely that- （仮主語、仮目的格を伴い）

それ以外はアウト

ダメな例

一位：もどき（due/tend/owing/特にliableはbe liable for以外はダメ）………2. 3

二位：程度表現のない副詞( ex. will likely→willをつけてダマそうとしてる)

三位：婉曲とのけんか（ex would most likely→可能性と高さを表すlikelyに対してwouldがブレーキをかけている）

でも、ぐちゃぐちゃ考える以前に、「同格はつお～い！」ルールを適用すると。。。。。？

■ Gsc2-18 ■191003thu

(A) among the only seven countries that have launched their own earth satellites, and among

(B) the only seven countries to have launched their own earth satellites, and

(D) the seven countries that are the only ones that launched their own earth satellites, and

(E) the seven countries that have been the only ones to launch their own earth satellites, and

■ 解法のテクニック ■

1 パラレル( A, B, and C )の基本構造不備で、(C) はダメ。

2 concisenessの点で、よけいなamongがある(A)はよろしくない。

3 diction ( the only N to V/ the first N to V) で考えると。。。？

（ちなみに、パラレル( A, B, and C )の点で、＜数字、数字、and 数字＞の方が、一個だけonly+数字がまざってるのよりエレガントと考えると、1, 2を一気に処理できる）

■ Gsc2-17 ■190930mon

The profile of the typical family in the United States is changing: a recent study shows that for the past decade, more children [had mothers who were employed than had not].

(A) had mothers who were employed than had not

(B) have had employed mothers than had not

(D) than not have had mothers who were employed

(E) than not had mothers employed

■ 解法のテクニック ■

1 構文<More A than not> V-

V-であるＡの方が

V-でないＡより多い

従って、(D) or (E)。

2 [have O +過去分詞]は？

■ Gsc2-15 ■190926thu

Reports that a carcinogenic substance, ethylene dibromide, [has been found in flour, pancake mixes, and other widely used food products is] being investigated by the Environmental Protection Agency.

(A) has been found in flour, pancake mixes, and other widely used food products is

(B) has been found in flour, pancake mixes, and other widely used food products are

(D) that was found in flour, pancake mixes, and other widely used food products is

(E) that has been found in flour, pancake mixes, and other widely used food products are

■ 解法のテクニック ■

1 SV単複の確認は必須。Sは？Ｖはどれ？　(A)(C)(D)はdisqualify。

2 コンマの間は挿入。文法的に成立するのは？

■ Gsc2-14 ■190925wed

In twelfth-century Baghdad, Shuhda became a great religious scholar, and [men as well as women had attended her lectures].

(A) men as well as women had attended her lectures

(B) there were men who attended her lectures as well as women

(D) her lectures were given to men as well as women

(E) her lectures were given to both men and women

■ 解法のテクニック ■

1 tense: hadは大過去（過去形より前のこと）。従って(A) は、時制が矛盾。

2 conciseness: there is（余計な動詞）を使う必然があるか→(B) △

3 能動態と受動態、どちらがエレガント？

■ Gsc2-13 ■190923mon

The average human life span is [less than forty years, except in areas where] improvements in health care and preventive medicine have raised life expectancy to past the age of seventy.

(A) less than forty years, except in areas where

(B) fewer than forty years, excepting in areas where

(D) fewer than forty years, except for those areas that

(E) less than forty years, excepting for those areas in which

■ 解法のテクニック ■

1 fewerは可算名詞に、lessは不加算にかかる。ここでは対象はlife span （不加算）（後ろの数字にまどわされないことがミソ）。従って、(A) (C) (E) が残る。

2 exceptの用法：

except O

except for/ in O

except that/ when

excepting xxx

すると。。。。。。？

■ Gsc2-12 ■190920fri

(A) impressed Cortes so that he compared

(B) so impressed Cortes to compare

(D) so impressed Cortes that he compared

(E) impressed Cortes so as to compare

■ 解法のテクニック ■

一発切り

文 so that-　　（－の目的で）

文、 so that-　（その結果ー）

so A that B （とてもＡなのでＢした）

で、ここでは？

■ Gsc2-11 ■190916mon

(A) having observed the practice of both older and younger colleagues contend that older pediatricians are likely to overlook evidence of child abuse and they therefore diagnose

(B) having observed the practice of both older and younger colleagues contend that older pediatricians likely overlook evidence of child abuse and therefore diagnose

(C) who have observed the practice of both older and younger colleagues contend that the older pediatrician is likely to overlook evidence of child abuse and they therefore diagnose

(D) who have observed the practice of both older and younger colleagues contend that the older pediatrician likely overlooks evidence of child abuse and therefore they diagnose

(E) who have observed the practice of both older and younger colleagues contend that the older pediatrician is likely to overlook evidence of child abuse and therefore diagnoses

■ 解法のテクニック ■

1 likelyはトピックになりやすい。

１）be likely to V

２）most/least（程度） likely

３）it is likely that

１）likely単独

２）would most likely （婉曲wouldとけんか）

３）likelyもどき (何があるかわかるかな？）

上記より、(A) （Ｃ） (E)が残る。

2 あとは指示語に注目すると。。。？

■ Gsc2-10 ■190912thu

Many savings and loan institutions are suffering because they are forced to pay at least 10 percent [or more interest to attract deposits and carry many mortgages not earning] 9 percent.

(A) or more interest to attract deposits and carry many mortgages not earning

(B) or more interest to attract deposits but carry many mortgages that earn less than

(D) interest for attracting deposits while carrying many mortgages not earning

(E) interest for attracting deposits but carry many mortgages that earn less than

■ Gsc2-8 ■190905thu

A computer that operates on beams of [light, not electric currents, might be capable to do] a trillion operations per second.

(A) light, not electric currents, might be capable to do

(B) light rather than electric currents might be capable of

(D) light, and not by electric currents, might be capable of

(E) light, as opposed to electric currents, may be capable to do

■ Gsc2-7 ■ 190902mon ■

[The ambassador rarely has] great importance in the age of telecommunications; since virtually all policies are made in their own countries, their jobs entail more show than substance.

(A) The ambassador rarely has

(B) It is rare that an ambassador is of

(D) It is rare that there is an ambassador who has

(E) Ambassadors rarely have

■ Gsc2-6 ■one, a week!■ 190826mon ■

High-yield grains require large quantities of fertilizer and pesticides, extensive irrigation systems, and [ever more expensive fuel for pumping] water and running machinery.

(A) ever more expensive fuel for pumping

(B) ever more expensive fuels that pump

(D) fuel, ever more expensive, pumping

(E) fuels, ever more expensive, that pump

■ Gsc2-5 ■one, a week!

■ 190819mon ■

(A) and the regional planning commission over if continued growth will hasten the decline of

(B) with the regional planning commission over if continued growth will hasten decline in

(D) with the regional planning commission over whether continued growth will hasten the declension in

(E) and the regional planning commission about continued growth hastening declension in

■ Gsc2-4 ■one, a week!■ 190812mon ■

[Using glow plugs to warm up the cold cylinders], the starting time of diesel engines is reduced from more than one minute to about five seconds, even in very cold weather.

(A) Using glow plugs to warm up the cold cylinders

(B) With cold cylinders warmed up by the use of glow plugs

(D) If glow plugs are used to warm up the cold cylinders

(E) Glow plugs being used to warm up the cold cylinders

■ Gsc2-3 ■one, a week!■ 190805mon ■

(A) may be able someday to do everything from boosting crop growth to the treatment of

(B) may someday be able to do everything from boosting crop growth to treating

(D) can, perhaps, someday do everything from the boosting of the growth of crops to treating

(E) can someday perhaps do everything from boosting the growth of crops to the treatment of

■ Gsc2-2 ■one, a week!

■ 190729mon ■

The glittering wealth of Venice was attributable [not so much to exotic spices as to commonplace salt], a commodity Venetians exchanged in Constantinople for the spices of Asia.

(A) not so much to exotic spices as to commonplace salt,

(B) not so much to exotic spices but rather it was to commonplace salt,

(D) to commonplace salt not so much as to exotic spices,

(E) not to exotic spices so much as to commonplace salt, and

■ Gsc2-1 ■one, a week!■ 190722mon ■

By the end of the Civil War there were 179,000 Black soldiers in the Union army, and, together with Blacks in the navy, [having accounted for nearly] 10 percent of the Union's armed forces.

(A) having accounted for nearly

(B) they accounted for nearly

(D) accounting for up to nearly

(E) they had accounted for near

■ Gsc1-40 ■one, a week!■ 190716tue ■

As late as the eighteenth century, the rank of guests at a banquet was gauged as to where they sat relative to an often elaborate saltcellar on the table.

(A) as to where they sat relative to

(B) as to where they would sit relative with

(D) by where they sat in relation to

(E) in where they sat in relation to

■Gsc1-27■190415mon ■(one, a week!)■ 190708mon ■

(A) and owing to a fourth-century theological dispute they have had

(B) but because of a fourth-century theological dispute it has had

(D) but on account of a fourth-century theological dispute there has been

(E) and due to the fact that there was a fourth-century theological dispute there was

■ Gsc1-39 ■one, a week!■ 190701mon ■

County waste disposal site selection has been a bitter debate between local municipalities, the board of county commissioners, and neighbors of the proposed sites.

(A) County waste disposal site selection has been a bitter debate between

(B) There has been a bitter debate over county waste disposal site selection by

(D) Selection of a site for the disposal of wastes in the county has caused bitter debate among

(E) Site selection for waste disposal in the county has been a bitter debate among

■ Gsc1-38 ■one, a week!■ 190624mon ■

Of all the great non-Western classical music traditions, India is perhaps best known to American audiences.

(A) India is perhaps best known to American audiences

(B) American audiences perhaps know India the best

(D) India's is perhaps the one best known to American audiences

(E) that of India is perhaps the one better known to American audiences

■ Gsc1-37 ■one, a week!■ 190617mon ■

The pattern of economic crisis in the developing countries is ominously familiar to what happened in the industrial countries in the Great Depression.

(A) familiar to what happened

(B) similar with the occurrences

(D) familiar to the occurrences

(E) reminiscent to what happened

■ Gsc1-36 ■one, a week!■ 190610mon ■

Heavy and prolonged use of cocaine can lead to psychological dependence, the symptoms of which are similar to narcotics dependence.

(A) the symptoms of which are similar to narcotics dependence

(B) the symptoms of which are similar to those of dependence on narcotics

(D) which has the symptoms similar to those of narcotics dependence

(E) which has symptoms similar to narcotics dependence

■ Gsc1-35 ■one, a week!■ 190603mon ■

Dr. Shirmer was cited for her pioneering research on the interacting of disease agents with their carriers.

(A) the interacting of disease agents with their carriers

(B) disease agents' interactions with their carriers

(D) disease agents, their carriers, and their interaction

(E) carriers and their interaction with disease agents

■ Gsc1-34 ■one, a week!■ 190527mon ■

Under Sweden's antiquities law, when farmers building a new barn will strike a Viking site, they cannot complete the building until an archaeologist excavates the site at the farmer's expense.

(A) when farmers building a new barn will strike a Viking site, they

(B) farmers building a new barn and striking a Viking site

(D) should a farmer who is building a new barn have struck a Viking site, they

(E) a farmer who strikes a Viking site while building a new barn

■ Gsc1-33 ■one, a week!■ 190521tue ■

There seems to be a broad range of international policy issues on which the views of France's Socialist president are more compatible with President Reagan's than were those of his predecessor.

(A) the views of France's Socialist president are more compatible with President Reagan's than were those of his predecessor

(B) the views of France's Socialist president seem more compatible with those of President Reagan than were those of his predecessor's

(D) France's Socialist president's views are more compatible with President Reagan's than his predecessor's

(E) France's Socialist president's views seem more compatible with President Reagan's than those of his predecessor

■ Gsc1-32 ■one, a week!■ 190514tue ■

James Weldon Johnson's God's Trombones was a collection of folk sermons in verse finished in 1927, his most important poetic achievement.

(A) James Weldon Johnson's God's Trombones was a collection of folk sermons in verse finished in 1927, his most important poetic achievement.

(B) In 1927 James Weldon Johnson finished God's Trombones, a collection of folk sermons in verse that was his most important poetic achievement.

(C) God's Trombones by James Weldon Johnson was finished in 1927, a collection of folk sermons in verse and his most important poetic achievement.

(D) James Weldon Johnson finished God's Trombones in 1927, which was a collection of folk sermons in verse and his most important poetic achievement.

(E) James Weldon Johnson's God's Trombones was a collection of folk sermons in verse and his most important poetic achievement, which was finished in 1927.

■ Gsc1-31 ■one, a week!■ 190506mon ■

Both Muslims and Karaites face toward a holy city while praying, but unlike the Muslims that turn toward Mecca, the Karaites turn toward Jerusalem.

(A) Both Muslims and Karaites face toward a holy city while praying, but unlike the Muslims that turn

(B) Muslims and Karaites face toward a holy city while praying, but unlike the Muslims turning

(D) Similar to Muslims, Karaites face toward a holy city while praying too, and whereas the Muslims turn

(E) Like Muslims, Karaites face toward a holy city while praying, but whereas the Muslims turn

■Gsc1-30■ 190429mon ■(one, a week!)

(A) children that are shipped off either to an institution or turned into an orphan, and that is left to wander from one foster home to the next

(B) children that are either shipped off to an institution or turned into orphans and left to wander from one foster home to the other

(C) children who may be either shipped off to an institution or turned into orphans, and that are left to wander from one foster home to the next

(D) child who is either shipped off to an institution or turned into an orphan, left to wander from one foster home to another

(E) child who may either be shipped off to an institution or turned into an orphan, left wandering from one foster home to another

■Gsc1-28■ 190422mon ■(one, a week!)

(A) an observable effect as a star appears to shift position when

(B) an effect observed as the appearance of a shift in the position of a star while

(D) which can be observed when a star appears to shift its position during the time

(E) observable when a star appears to undergo a shift in position while

■Gsc1-27■190415mon ■(one, a week!)

(A) and owing to a fourth-century theological dispute they have had

(B) but because of a fourth-century theological dispute it has had

(D) but on account of a fourth-century theological dispute there has been

(E) and due to the fact that there was a fourth-century theological dispute there was

■Gsc1-26■ 190408mon ■(one, a week!)

The controversy over if women are to register for the draft was rekindled by the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan.

(A) over if women are to register

(B) over whether women should register

(D) about whether women will register

(E) about women being registered

■Gsc1-25■ 190401aprilfools ■(one, a week!)

(A) countries, it makes the exports of other countries become

(B) countries, both the exports of other countries become

(D) currencies, it both makes the exports of other countries become

(E) currencies, the exports of other countries become

■Gsc1-24■ 190325mon ■(one, a week!)

It was the demand for labor in the burgeoning industries of the United States that obliged its leaders, sometimes grudgingly, to open the ports of the country to the people of Europe.

(A) that obliged its leaders, sometimes grudgingly, to open

(B) obliging its leaders, grudgingly at times, that they open

(D) having obliged its leaders, at times grudgingly, to open

(E) that has obliged its leaders, sometimes grudgingly, opening

■Gsc1-21■190318mon■

The notion of multiple personalities was always more readily accepted in popular books and movies than psychiatrists and other doctors did.

(A) than psychiatrists and other doctors did

(B) than it was by psychiatrists and other doctors

(D) as it was by psychiatrists and other doctors

(E) than do psychiatrists and other doctors

■Gsc1-20 ■ 190312tue ■(one, a week!)

[Covered with low shrubs, the quality of the land along the seashore is sandy and unsuitable for agricultural use].

(A) Covered with low shrubs, the quality of the land along the seashore is sandy and unsuitable for agricultural use.

(B) Covered with low shrubs, the land along the seashore is sandy and unsuitable for agriculture.

(D) The land along the seashore is covered with low shrubs, sandy, and is unsuitable for agriculture.

(E) The quality of the land along the seashore, covered with low shrubs, is sandy and unsuitable for agricultural use.

■Gsc1-19■ 181231mon ■(one, a week!)

(A) are their winter clothing, so perfect in design and material that the Innuits are made nearly impervious against

(B) are the winter clothing of the Innuits, so perfect in design and material that they are made nearly impervious to

(D) is the winter clothing of the Innuits, so perfect in design and material as to make them nearly impervious against

(E) has been the winter clothing of the Innuits, so perfect in design and material as to be made nearly impervious to

■Gsc1-18■ 181203mon ■(one, a week!)

An archaeological excavation at [what might have been a workshop where statues were reproduced yielded 1,532 fragments of human figures, including] 7 intact statues.

(A) what might have been a workshop where statues were reproduced yielded 1,532 fragments of human figures, including

(B) what might have been a workshop where statues were reproduced yielded l,532 fragments of human figures and

(D) the site of a possible workshop where statues were reproduced yielded 1,532 fragments of human figures, including

(E) the site of a possible workshop where statues might have been reproduced yielded 1,532 fragments of human figures, including

■Gsc1-17■ 181126mon ■(one, a week!)

Compared with the nuclear arsenal of the United States, [the Soviet Union has fewer but considerably larger intercontinental warheads at its disposal].

(A) the Soviet Union has fewer but considerably larger intercontinental warheads at its disposal

(B) the Soviet Union has at its disposal less numerous but considerably larger intercontinental warheads

(D) the Soviet Union's less numerous but considerably larger intercontinental warheads are at its disposal

(E) there are less numerous but considerably larger intercontinental warheads at the Soviet Union's disposal

■Gsc1-16■ 181121wed ■(one, a week!)

On a Chippewa reservation in Wisconsin, young members of the tribe are using computers [for learning their ancient language that was nearly forgotten].

(A) for learning their ancient language that was nearly forgotten

(B) for learning their ancient language that they nearly forgot

(D) to learn their ancient and nearly forgotten language

(E) to learn their language that was ancient and nearly forgotten

■Gsc1-15 ■ 181112mon ■(one, a week!)

(A) show that while the number of

(B) show while

(D) shows while the number of

(E) shows that while the number of

■Gsc1-14■ 181105mon ■(one, a week!)

The tissues of the human body are constantly moistened by a briny solution thought [to be of about the same salinity as the primordial sea from which] life emerged.

(A) to be of about the same salinity as the primordial sea from which

(B) of as about the same salinity like the primordial sea out of which

(D) of as about the same salinity as the primordial sea from where

(E) to be of about the same salinity like the primordial sea from which

■Gsc1-13■181029mon■(one, a week!)

[Etruscan women did not take their husband's name, as Roman women did], but retained her own through life.

(A) Etruscan women did not take their husband's name, as Roman women did

(B) Etruscan women did not take their husbands' names, as Roman women did

(D) Unlike a Roman woman, an Etruscan woman did not take her husband's name

(E) Unlike Roman women, Etruscan women did not take their husbands' names

■Gsc1-11■181022mon■(one, a week!)

The newspaper story accurately recounted the history of the colonial [mansion, that it contained thirteen rooms, and that it had a reputation for being a haunted house].

(A) mansion, that it contained thirteen rooms, and that it had a reputation for being a haunted house

(B) mansion, that it contained thirteen rooms, and that it had a reputation of being haunted

(D) mansion, said that it contained thirteen rooms and had a reputation for being a haunted house

(E) mansion and said that the mansion contained thirteen rooms and had the reputation of being haunted

Gsc1-10■181015mon■(one, a week!)

[ Although the Arabs in Israel are allowed to vote in Israeli elections, only about ten percent do so ].

(A) Although the Arabs in Israel are allowed to vote in Israeli elections, only about ten percent do so.

(B) Although it is allowed, only about ten percent of the Arabs in Israel vote in Israeli elections.

(D) Only about ten percent of the Arabs in Israel vote in Israeli elections, despite being allowed to.

(E) Only about ten percent of the Arabs in Israel vote in Israeli elections, in spite of their being allowed to do so.

Gsc1-08■181008mon■(one, a week!)

Since the 1940's the farms and ranches of the Great Plains have been supplied with water from the Ogallala aquifer; this underground reservoir contained an estimated quadrillion gallons of water, [which equal Lake Huron], but now reserves are becoming depleted.

(A) which equal Lake Huron

(B) which equal Lake Huron's

(D) the equivalent of Lake Huron's

(E) the equivalent of Lake Huron

Gsc1-07■181002tue■(one, a week!)

When doctors attempt to diagnose an illness, they look for ways in which the patient's symptoms resemble those of one disease and are different than those of another.

(A) and are different than those of another

(B) and differs from others

(D) but are different than that of the other

(E) but are different from those of the others

Gsc1-06(one, a week!)■180926wed■

The price of rice, which was fourteen dollars a hundredweight in 1981, will plunge, so it is expected, to a mere seven or eight dollars this year.

(A) will plunge, so it is expected, to a mere

(B) will plunge, so the expectation is, to merely

(D) is to plunge, as is expected, to a mere

(E) is expected to plunge to a mere

Gsc1-05 180918tue (one, a week!)

Because timbers of ships were once used to make local houses, [you are able to still smell the tar of an old ship when one enters] a building along an estuary.

(A) you are able to still smell the tar of an old ship when one enters

(B) you can still smell the tar of an old ship when you enter

(D) a person can still smell the tar of an old ship when they enter

(E) people are able to still smell the tar of an old ship when they are entering

■Gsc1-04 180911tue (one, a week!)

(A) The economic problem Puerto Rico has is, properly characterized, a surplus of labor, not overpopulation, and it only was

(B) Properly characterized, the economic problem Peen Rico has is a surplus of labor, not overpopulation, and it only was

(C) The economic problem of Puerto Rico is properly characterized not as overpopulation but as a surplus of labor, which was only

(D) The economic problem of Puerto Rico is, properly characterized, a surplus of labor, not overpopulation, which only was

(E) Puerto Rico has, properly characterized, the economic problem of a surplus of labor, not overpopulation, and it was only

■Gsc1-03 180904tue (one, a week!)

Mary Allenbee's lawyer decided that the names of those who received her large political contributions not to be revealed to the congressional investigators.

(A) the names of those who received her large political contributions not to be revealed

(B) the names of the recipients of her large political contributions would not be revealed

(D) there would be no revelation of the names of those recipients of her large political contributions

(E) the names of those who had received her large political contributions was not going to be revealed

■Gsc1-02 180624mon

(A) to be published by

(B) for publication by

(D) as the publication of

(E) for the publication by
......................正解と解法のテクニック

■Gsc1-01 180618

Real family income excluding the effects of inflation, [has rapidly risen from 1960 up to 1970 but virtually does not change from 1970 up] to 1980.

(A) has rapidly risen from 1960 up to 1970 but virtually does not change from 1970 up

(B) arose with rapidity from 1960 up to 1970 and was virtually unchanged from 1970 up

(D) rose rapidly from 1960 to 1970 but was virtually unchanged from 1970

(E) rapidly rises from 1960 to 1970 and virtually is unchangeable from 1970

■ 問題　GMATscn06 180611mon

The architectural problem of how to enclose and articulate interior space becomes more and more critical as the size of the space will increase.

(A) more and more critical as the size of the space will increase

(B) increasingly critical as the size of the space gets larger

(D) one that is increasingly critical as there is an increase in

the size of the space

(E) more critical with the size of the space getting larger

■ 正解と解法のテクニック

■ 問題　GMATscn05 180606

If a nuclear weapon were to be detonated above the atmosphere, it would not generate a blast, shock, or heat, but rather an intense electromagnetic pulse disrupting, like a lightning bolt, all unshielded electric lines and electronic equipment.

(A) If a nuclear weapon were to be detonated above the atmosphere, it would not generate a blast, shock, or heat, but rather

(B) If a nuclear weapon were to be detonated above the atmosphere, it would generate not a blast, shock, nor heat, but

(D) A nuclear weapon detonated above the atmosphere would not generate a blast, shock, or heat, but rather

(E) A nuclear weapon detonated above the atmosphere would not generate a blast, shock, nor heat, but

■ 正解と解法のテクニック

■ 問題　GMATscn04 180531

Income tax indexing is intended to eliminate constantly increasing taxes that result because of inflation　pushing individuals　into higher　tax brackets.

(A) constantly increasing taxes that result because of inflation　pushing individuals

(B) constant tax increase because inflation pushes individuals

(D) constant tax increase that results as inflation pushes individuals

(E) constant tax increase as a result of individuals being pushed by inflation

■ 正解と解法のテクニック

■ 問題　GMATscn03 180518

The pattern of economic crisis in the developing countries is ominously familiar to the occurrences in the industrial countries in the Great Depression.

(A) familiar to the occurrences

(B) reminiscent of what happened

(D) similar with the occurrences

(E) reminiscent to what happened

■ 正解と解法のテクニック

■ 問題　GMATscn01 180511

Einstein's theory of relativity holds that the gravity of a massive body deflects nearby light rays, observable when a star appears to undergo a shift in position while its light passes near the Sun.

(A) observable when a star appears to undergo a shift in position while

(B) which can be observed when a star appears to shift its position during the time

(D) an effect observed as the appearance of a shift in the position of a star while

(E) an effect that can be observed when a star appears to shift position as

」

■ 正解と解法のテクニック

■ 回答( A, B, C, D, E)、案、ご相談・質問は、ここに！
■ 本気にやりたい方は→GMAT 7 Week's Wonder

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......................正解と解法のテクニック

■ 正解と解法のテクニック

」 ■ 正解と解法のテクニック ■ 回答( A, B, C, D, E)、案、ご相談・質問は、ここに！■ 本気にやりたい方は→GMAT 7 Week's Wonder

」

■ 正解と解法のテクニック

■ 回答( A, B, C, D, E)、案、ご相談・質問は、ここに！
■ 本気にやりたい方は→GMAT 7 Week's Wonder