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■GMAT sc 正解と解法のテクニック■参考:The Elements of Style (解法に必要なほぼすべての鍵は、この1918年発行の小冊子にあります。大切なのは、その適用力です) ■ Gsc6-2 ■ 240522wed
At the time of the American Revolution, most of the tools employed in farming were little different than the ones that [were in use during] 2,000 years.
(A) were little different than the ones that were in use during
(B) were a little different than those that have been in use during
(C) differed little from those that had been in use for
(D) differed little from the ones that have been used during
(E) were
little different from the ones being used for
■ Gsc6-1 ■ 240519sun
The taproot of a coffee tree seedling must be put in the ground absolutely straight [or else otherwise it will die].
(A) or else otherwise it will die
(B) so as not to die
(C) not to die
(D) or else they die
(E) or it
will die
■ Gsc5-40 ■ 240515wed
Neanderthals sometimes inhabited caves and used fire, and they are the first people [for whom we have evidence of] burials and religious practices.
(A) for whom we have evidence of
(B) for whom we have evidence that there were
(C) for whom there is evidence of having
(D) who we have evidence had
(E) who we
have evidence of having
■ Gsc5-39 ■ 240512sun
Like many African countries, [Chad's amalgam of religious and ethnic groups were arbitrarily united] under colonial rule.
(A) Chad's amalgam of religious and ethnic groups were arbitrarily united
(B) the amalgam of religious and ethnic groups that constitute Chad were arbitrarily united
(C) the religious and ethnic groups that constitute Chad were arbitrarily united into an amalgam
(D) Chad is an amalgam of religious and ethnic groups that were arbitrarily united
(E) Chad's
religious and ethnic groups were arbitrarily united into an amalgam
■ Gsc5-38 ■ 240508wed
Montezuma's messengers carried gifts to Cortes fit for the returning god [he was thought to be].
(A) he was thought to be
(B) that they all thought of him as
(C) he was considered
(D) he was regarded as
(E) he had
been considered to be
■ Gsc5-37 ■ 240505sun
Many states, in search of industries that are [clean, fast-growing, and pay] good wages to skilled workers, are trying to attract high-technology industries.
(A) clean, fast-growing, and pay
(B) clean, grow fast, and that pay
(C) clean and fast-growing and that pay
(D) clean and grow fast, paying
(E) clean,
fast-growing, and paying
■ Gsc5-36 ■ 240501wed
With 2.2 billion passengers a year, the Tokyo subway system carries 50 percent [more people than New York and has less] than half as many cars.
(A) more people than New York and has less
(B) over what New York's does and has less
(C) as much as New York, having fewer
(D) more people than New York's with fewer
(E) more
people than New York, having fewer
■ Gsc5-35 ■ 240428sun
[Each archaeological discovery at Pompeii is photographed when it is uncovered in order that if it disintegrates] while being moved, it will not be lost completely.
(A) Each archaeological discovery at Pompeii is photographed when it is uncovered in order that if it disintegrates
(B) Every archaeological discovery at Pompeii is photographed as they uncover it so that should it disintegrate
(C) Each archaeological discovery at Pompeii is photographed as it is uncovered so that if it disintegrates
(D) Every archaeological discovery at Pompeii has been photographed when they uncover it so that should it disintegrate
(E) Each
archaeological discovery at Pompeii has been photographed when it is uncovered
in order that if it disintegrates
■ Gsc5-34 ■ 240424wed
[About 95 percent of the world population seem to be] immune to leprosy and even those who are susceptible are at risk only after long-term exposure to an active case.
(A) About 95 percent of the world population seem to be
(B) About 95 percent of the world's population seems to be
(C) It is about 95 percent of the population of the world that seem to be
(D) The world's population seems to be about 95 percent
(E) The
population of the world seems to be about 95 percent
■ Gsc5-33 ■ 240421sun
This is proving to be the sixth consecutive year [in which net farm income is sharply depressed].
(A) in which net farm income is sharply depressed
(B) in which there would be sharply depressed net farm income
(C) for net farm income being sharply depressed
(D) for the sharp depression of net farm income
(E) of net
farm income that was sharply depressed
■ Gsc5-32 ■ 240417wed
When adjusted for body weight, [children of various age-groups in the United States have a caffeine intake that ranges from 36 to 58 percent of the average amount consumed by adults].
(A) children of various age-groups in the United States have a caffeine intake that ranges from 36 to 58 percent of the average amount consumed by adults
(B) the caffeine intake of children of various age-groups in the United States ranges from 36 to 58 percent of the average amount consumed by adults
(C) various age-groups of children in the United States range in caffeine intake from 36 to 58 percent of that consumed by the average adult
(D) in the United States, children of various age-groups have a caffeine intake that ranges from 36 to 58 percent of the average adult's consumption
(E) in the
United States, the caffeine intake of children in various age-groups ranges
from 36 to 58 percent of that consumed by the average adult
■ Gsc5-31 ■ 240414sun
Just as the economy and society of the preindustrial state were radically different from [the modern nation-state, so too their art served a very different function from that which art has] in our society today.
(A) the modern nation-state, so too their art served a very different function from that which art has
(B) the modern nation-state, so too their art served a very different function than art does
(C) those of the modern nation-state, so too its art served a very different function than art does
(D) those of the modern nation-state, so too their art served a very different function from what art has
(E) that of
the modern nation-state, so too its art served a very different function than
art has
■ Gsc5- 30 ■ 240410wed
The greater chance of developing stress-related heart disease belongs not to the dynamic executive, male or female, nor the single mother, but the married woman who holds a full-time job while still performing most household tasks at home.
(A) greater chance of developing stress-related heart disease belongs not to the dynamic executive, male or female, nor the single mother,
(B) greater chance of developing stress-related heart disease is not risked by the dynamic executive, male or female, or the single mother,
(C) one who most risks developing stress-related heart disease is not the dynamic executive, male or female, or the single mother
(D) one who risks the greater chance of developing stress-related heart disease is not the dynamic executive, male or female, nor the single mother
(E) one
most risking the greater chance of developing stress-related heart disease is
neither the dynamic executive, male nor female, nor the single mother
■ Gsc5-29 ■ 240407sun
Since the beginning of the nineteenth century the question of [if there is to be] enough food to feed the growing world population has been raised repeatedly.
(A) if there is to be
(B) if there may be
(C) if there were
(D) whether there will be
(E)
whether or not there be
■ Gsc5-28 ■ 240403wed
The homicide rate of the United States is eight to nine times [that of] other major industrial countries.
(A) that of
(B) that which it is in
(C) higher than the
(D) higher as that of
(E) what
they are in
■ Gsc5-26 ■ 240327wed
In the fifteenth century, when coal first began to have commercial value, women and children did the hardest work in the [mines: they were hauling baskets on their hands and knees out of poorly ventilated tunnels].
(A) mines: they were hauling baskets on their hands and knees out of poorly ventilated tunnels
(B) mines, and hauled baskets out of poorly ventilated tunnels on their hands and knees
(C) mines, the hauling, on their hands and knees, of baskets out of poorly ventilated tunnels
(D) mines: out of poorly ventilated tunnels, they hauled baskets on their hands and knees
(E) mines:
on their hands and knees, they hauled baskets out of poorly ventilated tunnels
■ Gsc5-25 ■ 240324sun
Many physicians are now suggesting that moderate fevers be allowed to run their course, for they may shorten the illness, enhance the action of antibiotics, and [the chances of spreading the infection to others may be reduced].
(A) the chances of spreading the infection to others may be reduced
(B) there may be a reduction of chances that the infection be spread to others
(C) the chances that the infection may be spread to others is reduced
(D) may reduce the chances of spreading the infection to others
(E) reduce
the chances of spreading the infection to others
■ Gsc5-24 ■ 240320wed
According to Ms. Haskell's recent study, the [amount of people who appear at church-operated emergency food centers have] increased during the past year from 40 percent at some facilities to 600 percent at others.
(A) amount of people who appear at church-operated emergency food centers have
(B) amount of people appearing at church-operated emergency food centers have
(C) amount of people appearing at church-operated emergency food centers has
(D) number of people appearing at church-operated emergency food centers has
(E) number
of people who have been appearing at church-operated emergency food centers
have
■ Gsc5-23 ■ 240317sun
Some researchers believe that embryonic tissue will one day [not only be used to correct such tragic conditions as paralysis that results from spinal-cord injury but also some currently untreatable disorders of the brain].
(A) not only be used to correct such tragic conditions as paralysis that results from spinal-cord injury but also some currently untreatable disorders of the brain
(B) not only be used to correct tragic conditions such as paralysis that results from spinal-cord injury but some currently untreatable disorders of the brain as well
(C) be used not only to correct such tragic conditions as paralysis resulting from spinal-cord injury but some currently untreatable disorders of the brain as well
(D) be used to correct not only tragic conditions such as paralysis resulting from spinal-cord injury as well as some currently untreatable disorders of the brain
(E) be
used to correct not only such tragic conditions as paralysis resulting from
spinal-cord injury but also some currently untreatable disorders of the brain
■ Gsc5-22 ■ 240313wed
At the beginning of the last century, Latin America was [richer and more populous than] the United States.
(A) richer and more populous than
(B) more populous and rich when compared with
(C) richer and more populous compared to
(D) more populous and richer than was
(E) richer
and more populous in comparison to
■ Gsc5-21 ■ 240310sun
Many life insurance policies offer holders [the right that they can borrow against the cash value of their policy] at an interest rate of 5 to 8 percent, depending on the state-mandated ceiling on such loans.
(A) the right that they can borrow against the cash value of their policy
(B) the right to borrow against the cash value of their policies
(C) the right permitting that they can borrow against the cash value of a policy
(D) rights permitting borrowing against the cash value of a policy
(E) rights
allowing borrowing against the cash value of policies
■ Gsc5-20 ■ 240306wed
Though it has not yet vanished from the pregame training table, steak has largely been replaced by carbohydrates, [delivering energy much faster than protein does].
(A) delivering energy much faster than protein does
(B) which deliver energy much faster than protein
(C) delivering energy much faster than protein
(D) which deliver energy much faster than protein does
(E) much
faster at delivering energy than protein
■ Gsc5-19 ■ 240303sun
The federal Age Discrimination in Employment Act includes an exception permitting companies to require that certain executives in high policy-making positions [to retire] at 65.
(A) to retire
(B) should retire
(C) are retired
(D) have to retire
(E) retire
■ Gsc5-18 ■ 24028wed
With government funds no longer increasing and private philanthropy [no longer able to carry the burden it once did], the major research universities are turning to the one likely source of additional funds: the major corporations.
(A) no longer able to carry the burden it once did
(B) no longer able to carry the burden it once had
(C) able no longer to carry the burden which it had once
(D) no longer having the ability of carrying the burden it once had
(E) no
longer with the ability of carrying the burden that it did once
■ Gsc5-17 ■ 24025sun
The life expectancy of urban residents is somewhat higher than[ people living in small towns and considerably higher than] people who live on farms.
(A) people living in small towns and considerably higher than
(B) that of people living in small towns and considerably higher than that of
(C) it is for people living in small towns and considerably higher than those of
(D) that of people living in small towns and considerably higher than
(E) they
are for people living in small towns and considerably higher than they are
■ Gsc5-16 ■ 240221wed
Many legal experts who admit that polygraph testing is not completely accurate nevertheless advocate its expanded use in criminal cases, arguing that perfection in evidence [is not and never has been required, neither in science nor] in our courts.
(A) is not and never has been required, neither in science nor
(B) is and has been required not in science nor
(C) is not and never has been required, either in science or
(D) should not and never has been required, either in science or
(E) should
and has been required neither in science nor
■ Gsc5-15 ■ 240218sun
Once the site of pilgrimages to the Aztec god of the caves, [each Sunday now attracts hundreds of Christians wearing flower wreaths to Chalma].
(A) each Sunday now attracts hundreds of Christians wearing flower wreaths to Chalma
(B) hundreds of Christians wearing Rower wreaths are now attracted to Chalma each Sunday
(C) Chalma now attracts hundreds of Christians wearing flower wreaths each Sunday
(D) hundreds of Christians wearing flower wreaths are now attracted each Sunday to Chalma
(E) Chalma
now attracts each Sunday hundreds of Christians wearing flower wreaths
■ Gsc5-14 ■ 240214wed
Drug therapy can [supplement, but it does not replace psychotherapy as they treat a disease which has] psychological and physiological components.
(A) supplement, but it does not replace psychotherapy as they treat a disease which has
(B) supplement, but they do not replace psychotherapy in the treating of a disease having
(C) supplement but does not replace psychotherapy as they treat a disease having
(D) supplement but not replace psychotherapy in the treatment of a disease that has
(E)
supplement, but there is no replacement for psychotherapy in the treatment of a
disease that has
■ Gsc5-13 ■ 240211sun
The Marconi affair was a financial imbroglio [where there were allegations as to a group of British politicians who had influenced] government policy in order to profit from their holdings in the Marconi Company.
(A) where there were allegations as to a group of British politicians who had influenced
(B) where it was alleged a group of British politicians influenced
(C) which alleged that a group of British politicians had influenced
(D) in which it was alleged that a group of British politicians had influenced
(E) that was
alleged to have a group of British politicians influencing
■ Gsc5-12 ■ 240207wed
After Woodrow Wilson had a massive right-hemisphere stroke, he could not read more than a few lines at a time, he was subject to outbursts of temper and tears, and his periods of alertness alternated [between periods that were lethargic and withdrawal].
(A) between periods that were lethargic and withdrawal
(B) with periods of lethargy and withdrawal
(C) those that were of lethargy and of withdrawal
(D) withdrawal with periods of lethargy
(E) between
periods of being lethargic and withdrawn
■ Gsc5-11 ■ 240204sun
Scientists point out that the evolution of life is characterized by divergence?that is, [newly evolved species always differ more from one another than their predecessors did].
(A) newly evolved species always differ more from one another than their predecessors did
(B) newly evolved species always differ more than their predecessors had from one another
(C) new species always evolve more differences than their predecessors did from one another
(D) new species always evolve as being more different from one another than their predecessors did
(E) new
species always evolve more differently from one another than their predecessors
had
■ Gsc5-10 ■ 240131wed
Contrary to popular assumptions, both speculation in securities and real estate and acquisitions of existing companies [does not waste capital that would otherwise be used for productive investment].
(A) does not waste capital that would otherwise be used for productive investment
(B) does not waste the capital to be used in other ways for productive investment
(C) do not waste the capital to be used otherwise and be invested productively
(D) do not waste capital that would otherwise be used for productive investment
(E) is not
wasteful of capital otherwise to be used for investing productively
■ Gsc5-9 ■ 240128sun
Recent studies have shown that [fewer women are depressed by the "empty nest" than psychologists have once assumed]; in fact, many women now look forward to new interests or careers when their children leave home.
(A) fewer women are depressed by the "empty nest" than psychologists have once assumed
(B) fewer women are depressed by the "empty nest" than psychologists once assumed
(C) the number of women depressed by the "empty nest" is less than psychologists have once assumed
(D) less women are depressed by the "empty nest" than psychologists assume
(E) less
women are depressed by the "empty nest" than psychologists have
assumed
■ Gsc5-8 ■ 24024wed
Alcohol not only causes automobile accidents but also [the injuries, especially to the spinal cord, may be more severe:.
(A) the injuries, especially to the spinal cord, may be more severe
(B) there may be more severe injuries, especially to the spinal cord
(C) may increase the severity of injuries, especially to the spinal cord
(D) the injuries to the spinal cord especially may be more severe
(E) the
severity of injuries, especially to the spinal cord, may increase
■ Gsc5-7 ■ 24021sun
The central issue before the court was how far the regulatory agencies should go [in requiring better working conditions in factories].
(A) in requiring better working conditions in factories
(B) as far as requiring better working conditions in factories
(C) in their requirement that factories should have better working conditions
(D) as far as requiring that factories should have better working conditions
(E) to
require factories to have better working conditions
■ Gsc5-6 ■ 24017wed
[Circulating in the Pacific Ocean, researchers have found evidence that there are patterns of water movement which] influence the weather of the North American continent.
(A) Circulating in the Pacific Ocean, researchers have found evidence that there are patterns of water movement which (B) Circulating in the Pacific Ocean, researchers have found evidence of patterns of water movement which (C) Circulating in the Pacific Ocean, evidence has been found by researchers of patterns of water movement which (D) Researchers have found evidence of patterns of water circulation moving in the Pacific Ocean which (E)
Researchers have found evidence that patterns of water circulation in the
Pacific Ocean
■ Gsc5-5 ■ 24014sun
Of the nineteen Americans in the expedition that climbed Mount Everest in 1963, [more than half of them had a graduate degree] of some sort.
(A) more than half of them had a graduate degree
(B) more than a majority had graduate degrees
(C) the majority of them had graduate degrees
(D) over half had a graduate degree
(E) over a
half had graduate degrees
■ Gsc5-4 ■ 240114sun
Professor Hill presents evidence to show that J. Edgar Hoover sought to imprison or deport Marcus Garvey, [whom he perceived as an international threat].
(A) whom he perceived as an international threat
(B) whom he perceived to be internationally threatening
(C) whom he perceived was internationally threatening
(D) who was perceived by him to be internationally threatening
(E) who
was perceived by him that he was an international threat
■ Gsc5-3 ■ 230107sun
[Almost each major-league baseball pitcher will experience] shoulder or elbow pain in the course of a baseball season.
(A) Almost each major-league baseball pitcher will experience
(B) Almost every major-league baseball pitcher experiences
(C) Just about every one of the pitchers in major-league baseball do experience
(D) Almost all major-league baseball pitchers have experience with
(E) Common
to almost each major-league baseball pitcher is the experience of
■ Gsc4-40 ■ 231227wed
A new method of deriving the vaccine for hoof-and-mouth disease from E. coli bacteria allows for levels of serum production [that are more than a thousand times as high per bacterium than] was previously possible.
(A) that are more than a thousand times as high per bacterium than
(B) that are more than a thousand times higher per bacterium as
(C) that are more than a thousand times higher per bacterium than
(D) as much as a thousand times as high per bacterium than
(E) as
much as a thousand times higher per bacterium as
■ Gsc4-38 ■ 231220wed
Despite its inconveniences and irritations, jury service [can, and often is, the most rewarding civic duty that average citizens perform].
(A) can, and often is, the most rewarding civic duty that average citizens perform
(B) can be, and often is, the most rewarding civic duty that average citizens perform
(C) can be, and often has been, the most rewarding civic duty the average citizens perform
(D) may have been, and often is, the most rewarding civic duty the average citizens perform
(E) might
be, and often has been, the most rewarding civic duty average citizens have
performed ■ Gsc4-37 ■ 231217sun
[In combination, the trend of demographics and economics indicate] that the regions of the United States will continue to become more disparate in their problems and needs.
(A) In combination, the trend of demographics and economics indicate
(B) The trend of demographics and economics combined indicates
(C) Demographic trends, in combination with economic, indicate
(D) Demographic and economic trends, in combination, indicate
(E)
Demographic trends combine with the economic to indicate
■ Gsc4-36 ■ 231213wed
According to the space agency, the proposed transmitter [would not last barely a month if it is] subjected to the intense heat of space.
(A) would not last barely a month if it is
(B) could not last hardly a month if it is
(C) will last no more than hardly a month if it is
(D) would not last a month if it will be
(E) will
not last a month if
■ Gsc4-35 ■ 231210sun
Until fairly recently pre-Columbian artifacts were [regarded more often to be objects of archaeological interest than] artistic quality.
(A) regarded more often to be objects of archaeological interest than
(B) considered more often to be objects of archaeological interest rather than
(C) regarded more often as objects of archaeological interest than as objects of
(D) considered as being more often objects of archaeological interest than of
(E)
regarded more often as being objects of archaeological interest instead of
■ Gsc4-32 ■ 231129wed
In 1719 the Meissen manufacturers found a way of combining kaolin, quartz, and feldspar, a kind of potash, to manufacture a hard-paste porcelain [which was comparable to what was being imported by Europeans from the Far East for centuries].
(A) which was comparable to what was being imported by Europeans from the Far East for centuries
(B) which compared with that which Europeans imported from the Far East for centuries
(C) comparable with what Europeans imported from the Far East for centuries
(D) comparable to what Europeans had imported for centuries from the Far East
(E) that
could be compared to what Europeans imported for centuries from the Far East
■ Gsc4-31 ■ 231126sun
The key discovery in the scientific effort to understand fire was made in 1774 when Lavoisier recognized that [the apparent disappearance of matter in flames is an illusion].
(A) the apparent disappearance of matter in flames is an illusion
(B) the matter that apparently disappears in flames is an illusion
(C) the disappearance of matter in flames is apparently an illusion
(D) it was an illusion that there is an apparent disappearance of matter in flames
(E) it was
an illusion that matter apparently disappears in flames
■ Gsc4- 30 ■ 231122wed
Maesanin, the active ingredient in an herbal tea used by East Africans to ward off cholera, [has an antibacterial action but by a mechanism that is neither understood nor similar to that of] other antibiotics.
(A) has an antibacterial action but by a mechanism that is neither understood nor similar to that of
(B) has an antibacterial action by a mechanism that is not understood, however, nor similar to
(C) has an antibacterial action, but it does so by a mechanism that is neither understood nor similar to that of
(D) acts against bacteria by a mechanism that is not understood, however, and is different from
(E) acts
against bacteria, but it does so by a mechanism that is not understood and is
different from that of
■ Gsc4-29 ■ 231119sun
Since children who undergo preschool education have [been proven to be less liable] to need remedial programs later, preschool education programs are demonstrably cost effective.
(A) been proven to be less liable
(B) proved themselves not as liable
(C) proved to be less likely
(D) proven to be less liable
(E) proven
themselves not as likely
■ Gsc4-27 ■ 231112sun
[Prospects for falling interest rates to continue improved last month] when the nation's money supply dropped sharply and a leading bank cut its prime lending rate a full percentage point.
(A) Prospects for falling interest rates to continue improved last month
(B) Prospects that interest rates will continue to fall improved last month
(C) Prospects improved for the continuation of falling interest rates last month
(D) Last month prospects improved for interest rates to continue to fall
(E) Last
month prospects improved that falling interest rates will continue
■ Gsc4-26 ■ 231108wed
Species of insects or birds that are accidentally introduced into a new country often become pests because [they now lack their predators from their former habitat].
(A) they now lack their predators from their former habitat
(B) of the predators they now lack from their former habitat
(C) of the predators of their former habitat that are now absent
(D) the predators they encountered in their former habitat are now absent
(E) their
predators they encountered in their former habitat are lacking now
■ Gsc4-25 ■ 231105sun
During the first half of the nineteenth century, the growth in the commercial production of cotton [led to the plantation system expanding and the system's reliance on slave labor intensifying] .
(A) led to the plantation system expanding and the system's reliance on slave labor intensifying
(B) had led to the plantation system being expanded and the system's reliance on slave labor becoming more intense
(C) led to the plantation system's expansion and the intensification of their reliance on slave labor
(D) led to an expansion of the plantation system and an intensification of the system's reliance on slave labor
(E) had
led to an expansion of the plantation system and had intensified their reliance
on slave labor
■ Gsc4-24 ■ 231101wed
[Through waste conversion into salable materials and using energy that would otherwise be wasted], many companies have found that they can reduce costs and pollution simultaneously.
(A) Through waste conversion into salable materials and using energy that would otherwise be wasted
(B) Through converting wastes into salable materials and the use of otherwise wasted energy
(C) By converting wastes into salable materials and using energy that would otherwise be wasted
(D) By the converting of wastes into salable materials and waste energy use
(E) By
waste conversion into salable materials and waste energy use
■ Gsc4-23 ■ 231029sun
Employers often obtain arrest records of applicants for employment from the Federal Bureau of Investigation's computerized file, but [in that file they mostly] fail to indicate the outcome of cases, and approximately one-fifth are inaccurate.
(A) in that file they mostly
(B) in that file most
(C) most of them in that file
(D) most in that file
(E) most
records in that file
■ Gsc4-22 ■ 231025wed
If continued population growth [is unmatched by increases in food supply, large parts of the globe would] face widespread hunger and famine.
(A) is unmatched by increases in food supply, large parts of the globe would
(B) is not matched by increases in food supply, large parts of the globe will
(C) will not be matched by increases in food supply, large parts of the globe would
(D) should be unmatched by increases in food supply, large parts of the globe can
(E) were
to be unmatched by increases in food supply, large parts of the globe may
■ Gsc4-21 ■ 231022sun
[Founded in 1843, the Economist's weekly magazine circulation has now doubled to about 200,000, twice that of a decade ago].
(A) Founded in 1843, the Economist's weekly magazine circulation has now doubled to about 200,000, twice that of a decade ago.
(B) The Economist magazine, founded in 1843, now has a weekly circulation twice that of a decade ago, doubled to about 200,000.
(C) Founded in 1843, the weekly circulation of the magazine the Economist is now twice what it was a decade ago, doubled to about 200,000.
(D) The weekly the Economist, founded in 1843, has a magazine circulation that had doubled to about 200,000, twice a decade ago's.
(E) The
Economist, a magazine founded in 1843, now has a weekly circulation of about
200,000, twice what it was a decade ago.
■ Gsc4-20 ■ 231022wed
The proportion of the work force that is unionized has declined; only one worker in every five now belongs to a union, [rather than one in every four, like in 1955].
(A) rather than one in every four, like in 1955
(B) instead of one in every four, as in 1955
(C) not like it was in 1955, with one in every four
(D) unlike 1955, when it was one in every four
(E)
whereas there was one in every four in 1955
■ Gsc4-19 ■ 231015sun
Despite the growing concern of government officials that sophisticated United States technology and arms are being shipped illegally to unfriendly nations, the federal agencies [in charge of administering the export control laws remains understaffed, and its enforcement efforts] are sporadic.
(A) in charge of administering the export control laws remains understaffed, and its enforcement efforts
(B) having charge of the administration of the export control laws remains understaffed, and their enforcement efforts
(C) having the charge of administering the export control laws remains understaffed and their enforcing efforts
(D) in charge to administer the export control laws remain understaffed, and their efforts at enforcement
(E)
charged with administering the export control laws remain understaffed, and
their enforcement efforts
■ Gsc4-18 ■ 231011wed
Confronted with mounting [drug prices, particularly the synthetic petrochemical derivatives], some Western chemists are turning their attention to herbs used for many centuries in African and Asian medical practice.
(A) drug prices, particularly the synthetic petrochemical derivatives
(B) drug prices, particularly the synthetic drugs derived from petrochemicals
(C) drug prices, in particular the synthetic derivatives from petrochemicals
(D) prices for drugs, in particular the synthetics derived of petrochemicals
(E) prices
for drugs, particularly the synthetic drugs derived from petrochemicals
■ Gsc4-17 ■ 231008sun
[Although much used in employment interviews as well as in police work, the validity of lie detector tests] is questionable, and research has shown many instances of misclassification by trained interrogators.
(A) Although much used in employment interviews as well as in police work, the validity of lie detector tests
(B) Although they are much used in both employment interviews and in police work, the validity of lie detector tests
(C) Although lie detector tests are much used both in employment interviews and in police work, their validity
(D) The validity of lie detector tests, in spite of being much used in both employment interviews and in police work,
(E) The
validity of lie detector tests, although much used both in employment
interviews and police work,
■ Gsc4-16 ■ 231004wed
The ratio of [salaries of managers to ordinary workers are substantially lower in Japan than the comparable ratio] in the United States.
(A) salaries of managers to ordinary workers are substantially lower in Japan than the comparable ratio
(B) salaries of managers to ordinary workers is substantially lower in Japan than is the comparable ratio
(C) managers' to ordinary workers' salaries are substantially lower in Japan than
(D) managers' salaries to those of ordinary workers is substantially lower in Japan than
(E)
managers' salaries to those of ordinary workers are substantially lower in
Japan than is the comparable ratio
■ Gsc4-15 ■ 231001sun
[If a nuclear weapon were to be detonated above the atmosphere, it would generate not a blast, shock, nor heat, but] an intense electromagnetic pulse disrupting, like a lightning bolt, all unshielded electric lines and electronic equipment.
(A) If a nuclear weapon were to be detonated above the atmosphere, it would generate not a blast, shock, nor heat, but
(B) If a nuclear weapon were to be detonated above the atmosphere, it would not generate a blast, shock, or heat, but rather
(C) A nuclear weapon detonated above the atmosphere would generate no blast, shock, or heat, but rather
(D) A nuclear weapon detonated above the atmosphere would not generate a blast, shock, or heat, but rather
(E) A
nuclear weapon detonated above the atmosphere would not generate a blast,
shock, nor heat, but
■ Gsc4-14 ■ 230927wed
The United States and Canada have agreed to joint action on acid rain, an environmental pollutant [that each exports to the other].
(A) that each exports to the other
(B) each is exporting to the other one
(C) that one exports to the next
(D) they are exporting to one another
(E) that
they both export to each other
■ Gsc4-13 ■ 230924sun
[International loans that are extensive and in some cases exceeding the total equity of the lending bank have exposed them] to insolvency, since borrowers, hard-pressed by changes in interest rates and oil prices, have found repayment impossible.
(A) International loans that are extensive and in some cases exceeding the total equity of the lending bank have exposed them
(B) International loans that are extensive in size and exceeding in some cases the total equity of the lending banks expose the lenders
(C) International loans, extensive in size and in some cases exceeding the total equity of the lending bank, expose them
(D) Extensive international loans, exceeding in some cases the total equity of the lending banks, have exposed the lenders
(E)
Extensive international loans, in some cases exceeding the total equity of the
lending bank, have exposed them
■ Gsc4-12 ■ 230920wed
Margot Peters' recent study examines the actresses [with whom, as] a dramatic critic and struggling playwright, Shaw found himself writing for, competing with, courting for their influence, and often simply courting.
(A) with whom, as
(B) with whom, when he was
(C) with whom, being
(D) whom, being
(E) whom,
as
■ Gsc4-11 ■ 230917sun
When there is disagreement in a criminal case?that is, when reasonable doubt becomes an element in the verdict?a jury is six times [more likely to acquit as to convict a defendant].
(A) more likely to acquit as to convict a defendant
(B) more likely to acquit than to convict a defendant
(C) more likely about acquitting a defendant rather than convicting
(D) likelier to acquit a defendant rather than convict
(E)
likelier that a defendant will be acquitted rather than convicted
■ Gsc4-10 ■ 230913wed
[It is known that consuming too much sodium makes a contribution to hypertension], which is a factor in half the deaths in the United States each year.
(A) It is known that consuming too much sodium makes a contribution to hypertension
(B) The consumption of too much sodium is known to have made a contribution to hypertension
(C) Consuming too much sodium is known to contribute to hypertension
(D) Contributing to hypertension is the consuming of too much sodium
(E) Known
to contribute to hypertension is the consumption of too much sodium
■ Gsc4-8 ■ 230906wed
[It is possible that future spacecraft will be slowly propelled] through almost empty space within the solar system, not by jets of gas, but by the force of photons of sunlight pushing on thin plastic sails.
(A) It is possible that future spacecraft will be slowly propelled
(B) It is possible for future spacecraft to be propelled slowly
(C) Future spacecraft could be propelled slowly possibly
(D) Future spacecraft could possibly slowly be propelled
(E) It
could be possible that future spacecraft be propelled slowly
■ Gsc4-7 ■ 230903sun
Government agencies have agreed to authorize insurance payments for the use of CAT scanners, recognizing that these machines [are able to make hospital stays shorter and to reduce] the frequency of exploratory surgery.
(A) are able to make hospital stays shorter and to reduce (B) may make hospital stays shorter and make a reduction in (C) should shorten hospital stays and also make a reduction in (D) can shorten hospital stays and reduce (E) will
shorten hospital stays, reducing
■ Gsc4-6 ■ 230830wed
Few baskets made by Southern California Indians would have survived to the present [had it not been for] enthusiastic collectors at the turn of the century.
(A) had it not been for
(B) unless there had been
(C) without the fact that there were
(D) were it not due to
(E) except
that there were
■ Gsc4-5 ■ 230827sun
Minimum wage legislation has been controversial since its inception: its proponents argue that [the people who are most economically vulnerable are safeguarded from being exploited, while other critics argue it leads to people being unemployed].
(A) the people who are most economically vulnerable are safeguarded from being exploited, while other critics argue it leads to people being unemployed
(B) the people safeguarded from being exploited are the most economically vulnerable, whereas the critics argue it leads to people being unemployed
(C) it is a safeguard so that the most economically vulnerable are not exploited, whereas the critics contend that it is a cause of unemployment
(D) it safeguards the most economically vulnerable from exploitation, while its critics contend that it is a cause of unemployment
(E) it has safeguarded the people who are most economically vulnerable from being exploited, while its critics contend that it leads to people being unemployed
■ Gsc4-4 ■ 230823wed
[Unlike] neighboring Pompeii, the inhabitants of Herculaneum had time to flee before their city was buried under volcanic mud when Vesuvius erupted on August 24 in A.D. 79.
(A) Unlike
(B) Unlike those of
(C) Different from those of
(D) Different than those in
(E)
Dissimilar to
■ Gsc4-3 ■ 230820sun
[Since Ruth Benedict was an early and outspoken opponent of racial prejudice, and she] argued prophetically that the greatest weapon the country possessed to combat racism was the legal authority of the federal government.
(A) Since Ruth Benedict was an early and outspoken opponent of racial prejudice, and she
(B) An early and outspoken opponent of racial prejudice, Ruth Benedict
(C) Ruth Benedict, who was early in her outspoken opposition against racial prejudice
(D) Ruth Benedict's early and outspoken opposition to racial prejudice
(E) The
outspoken Ruth Benedict, early opposed to racial prejudice,
■ Gsc4-2 ■ 230816wed
Because Congress acted to adjust food stamp benefits [only once a year for inflation, not two times, there was a benefit reduction of] $600 million annually.
(A) only once a year for inflation, not two times, there was a benefit reduction of
(B) only once annually for inflation, not two times, the amount paid in benefits were reduced by
(C) only once a year for inflation, not two times, the reduction of the amount paid in benefits was
(D) for inflation only once a year, rather than twice, the amount paid in benefits was reduced by
(E) for
inflation only one time a year, not twice, there was a reduction of the amount
paid in benefits of
■ Gsc4-1 ■ 230813sun
Puritan tracts were concerned with hell and damnation, and fiction was considered [as of harm to] the reader's moral fiber.
(A) as of harm to
(B) to be a harm to
(C) harmful to
(D) as harming
(E) to be
harming to
■ Gsc3-40 ■ 230809wed
A new method of deriving the vaccine for hoof-and-mouth disease from E. coli bacteria allows for levels of serum production [that are more than a thousand times as high per bacterium than] was previously possible.
(A) that are more than a thousand times as high per bacterium than
(B) that are more than a thousand times higher per bacterium as
(C) that are more than a thousand times higher per bacterium than
(D) as much as a thousand times as high per bacterium than
(E) as
much as a thousand times higher per bacterium as
■ Gsc3-39 ■ 230806sun
The architectural problem of how to enclose and articulate interior space becomes [increasingly critical as the size of the space gets larger].
(A) increasingly critical as the size of the space gets larger
(B) ever more critical as the size of the space increases
(C) more and more critical as the size of the space will increase
(D) one that is increasingly critical as there is an increase in the size of the space
(E) more
critical with the size of the space getting larger
■ Gsc3-38 ■ 230802wed
Despite its inconveniences and irritations, jury service [can, and often is, the most rewarding civic duty that average citizens perform].
(A) can, and often is, the most rewarding civic duty that average citizens perform
(B) can be, and often is, the most rewarding civic duty that average citizens perform
(C) can be, and often has been, the most rewarding civic duty the average citizens perform
(D) may have been, and often is, the most rewarding civic duty the average citizens perform
(E) might
be, and often has been, the most rewarding civic duty average citizens have
performed
■ Gsc3-37 ■ 230730sun
[In combination, the trend of demographics and economics indicate] that the regions of the United States will continue to become more disparate in their problems and needs.
(A) In combination, the trend of demographics and economics indicate
(B) The trend of demographics and economics combined indicates
(C) Demographic trends, in combination with economic, indicate
(D) Demographic and economic trends, in combination, indicate
(E)
Demographic trends combine with the economic to indicate
■ Gsc3-36 ■ 230726wed
According to the space agency, the proposed transmitter [would not last barely a month if it is] subjected to the intense heat of space.
(A) would not last barely a month if it is
(B) could not last hardly a month if it is
(C) will last no more than hardly a month if it is
(D) would not last a month if it will be
(E) will
not last a month if
■ Gsc3-35 ■ 230723sun
Until fairly recently pre-Columbian artifacts were [regarded more often to be objects of archaeological interest than] artistic quality.
(A) regarded more often to be objects of archaeological interest than
(B) considered more often to be objects of archaeological interest rather than
(C) regarded more often as objects of archaeological interest than as objects of
(D) considered as being more often objects of archaeological interest than of
(E)
regarded more often as being objects of archaeological interest instead of
■ Gsc2-34 ■ 230719wed Unlike [most suspension bridges, the main cables of the eighty-year-old Williamsburg Bridge are made of ungalvanized wire, which now requires] protection from corrosion.
(A) most suspension bridges, the main cables of the eighty-year-old Williamsburg Bridge are made of ungalvanized wire, which now requires
(B) most suspension bridges, the eighty-year-old Williamsburg Bridge's main cables are made of ungalvanized wire, which now requires
(C) most suspension bridges, the eighty-year-old Williamsburg Bridge has its main cables made of ungalvanized wire, which now require
(D) those of most suspension bridges, the main cables of the eighty-year-old Williamsburg Bridge are made of ungalvanized wire, which now requires
(E) those
of most suspension bridges, the main cables of the eighty-year-old Williamsburg
Bridge are made of ungalvanized wire, which now require
■ Gsc3-33 ■ 230716sun
Health insurers have begun to demand [that the providers of mental health services be accountable for establishing] that the treatments they administer, under various therapeutic theories, are in fact beneficial.
(A) that the providers of mental health services be accountable for establishing
(B) accountability from the providers of mental health services to establish
(C) that the providers of mental health services have accountability to establish
(D) accountability for the providers of mental health services, establishing
(E)
accountability from those who provide mental health services in order to
establish
■ Gsc3-32 ■ 230712wed
In 1719 the Meissen manufacturers found a way of combining kaolin, quartz, and feldspar, a kind of potash, to manufacture a hard-paste porcelain [which was comparable to what was being imported by Europeans from the Far East for centuries].
(A) which was comparable to what was being imported by Europeans from the Far East for centuries
(B) which compared with that which Europeans imported from the Far East for centuries
(C) comparable with what Europeans imported from the Far East for centuries
(D) comparable to what Europeans had imported for centuries from the Far East
(E) that
could be compared to what Europeans imported for centuries from the Far East
■ Gsc3-31 ■ 230709sun
The key discovery in the scientific effort to understand fire was made in 1774 when Lavoisier recognized that [the apparent disappearance of matter in flames is an illusion].
(A) the apparent disappearance of matter in flames is an illusion
(B) the matter that apparently disappears in flames is an illusion
(C) the disappearance of matter in flames is apparently an illusion
(D) it was an illusion that there is an apparent disappearance of matter in flames
(E) it was
an illusion that matter apparently disappears in flames
■ Gsc3- 30 ■ 230705wed
City planners in Detroit hope that the renewal project extending along the eastern riverfront will establish a population [that lives and works downtown and also provides] the office space needed to attract new businesses.
(A) that lives and works downtown and also provides
(B) to live and work downtown and also provide
(C) that lives as well as works downtown and also provide
(D) which lives as well as works downtown and also provides
(E) who
live as well as work downtown and also provides
■ Gsc3-29 ■ 230702sun
[ A publication may be sued for libel in any state where it regularly circulates under a unanimous ruling by the Supreme Court.]
(A) A publication may be sued for libel in any state where it regularly circulates under a unanimous ruling by the Supreme Court.
(B) A publication may be sued for libel in any state where it has regular circulation under a unanimous ruling by the Supreme Court.
(C) Under a unanimous ruling by the Supreme Court, a publication may be sued for libel in any state in which it regularly circulates.
(D) Under a unanimous ruling by the Supreme Court, a publication may be sued for libel in any state in which there is regular circulation.
(E) Under
a unanimous ruling by the Supreme Court, there may be a suit for libel in any
state in which a publication regularly circulates.
■ Gsc3-28 ■ 230629wed
After three months of investigation, it became apparent that both local and state taxes have not [and probably will not be paid] by the insolvent corporation .
(A) and probably will not be paid
(B) been and probably will not be paid
(C) been paid and probably will not be
(D) been paid nor probably will be
(E) and
will not be paid, probably,
■ Gsc3-27 ■ 230625sun
Alcohol is the only drug that is soluble in both fat and [water; as such it can enter all parts of the human body, affecting] virtually every cell and biological pathway.
(A) water; as such it can enter all parts of the human body, affecting
(B) water; as such entering all parts of the human body, and affecting
(C) water, as such entering all parts of the human body, which affects
(D) water, and as such entering all parts of the human body to affect
(E) water,
which can enter all parts of the human body to affect
■ Gsc3-26 ■ 230621wed
The writer Alice Walker [regards Stevie Wonder to be a spiritual singer rather than] a pop singer, and so she opened The Color Purple with a quotation from his song “Do Like You."
(A) regards Stevie Wonder to be a spiritual singer rather than
(B) regards Stevie Wonder as being a spiritual singer instead of
(C) considers Stevie Wonder a spiritual singer rather than
(D) considers Stevie Wonder to bc a spiritual singer instead of
(E)
considers Stevie Wonder as being a spiritual singer rather than
■ Gsc3-25 ■ 2306118sun
Searching for tangible evidence of the Roman past in ancient Jerusalem, [Israeli archaeologists have excavated the main Roman entryway into the Old City and succeeded in unearthing a guard tower], the tallest preserved Roman structure in the country.
(A) Israeli archaeologists have excavated the main Roman entryway into the Old City and succeeded in unearthing a guard tower,
(B) the main Roman entryway into the Old City was excavated by Israeli archaeologists, who succeeded in unearthing a guard tower,
(C) the guard tower successfully unearthed by Israeli archaeologists excavating the main Roman entryway into the Old City is
(D) the Israeli archaeologists' excavation of the main Roman entryway into the Old City has succeeded in unearthing a guard tower that is
(E)
success was achieved by Israeli archaeologists h unearthing a guard tower as
they were excavating the main Roman entryway to the Old City,
■ Gsc2-24 ■ 2306114wed
A growing number of the decisions made at federal, state, and local levels [ involves technical judgments that much of the elecorate is unable knowledgeably to challenge].
(A) involves technical judgments that much of the electorate is unable knowledgeably to challenge
(B) involves technical judgments unable to be challenged knowledgeably by much of the electorate
(C) involves technical judgments that cannot be challenged knowledgeably by much of the electorate
(D) involve technical judgments that much of the electorate cannot knowledgeably challenge
(E)
involve technical judgments incapable of being knowledgeably challenged by much
of the electorate
■ Gsc3-23 ■ 230611sun
Black pepper is the dried fruit of the Piper nigrum, a woody vine that grows only in tropical regions [with about one hundred inches of rainfall a year, on the average, alternating with[ long periods of dry heat.
(A) with about one hundred inches of rainfall a year, on the average, alternating with
(B) where rainfall, averaging about one hundred inches a year, alternates with
(C) with, alternately, about one hundred inches of average annual rainfall and
(D) averaging about one hundred inches of rainfall annually, alternating between
(E)
averaging annually about one hundred inches of rainfall alternately with
■ Gsc3-22 ■ 230607wed
Tecumseh urged [all Native American tribes, even former enemies, to resist the cession of individual parcels of land by forming an intertribal confederacy and under it there will be] common ownership of all tribal lands.
(A) all Native American tribes, even former enemies, to resist the cession of individual parcels of land by forming an intertribal confederacy and under it there will be
(B) that all Native American tribes, and even former enemies, resist the cession of individual parcels of land by forming an intertribal confederacy and under it there would be
(c) that all Native American tribes, even former enemies, should be resistant to the cession of individual parcels of land by forming an intertribal confederacy and under it they would have
(D) all Native American tribes, even former enemies, to resist the cession of individual parcels of land by forming an intertribal confederacy under which there would be
(E) all
Native American tribes, and even former enemies, that they were to resist the
cession of individual parcels of land, form an intertribal confederacy, and
under it they would have
■ Gsc3-21 ■ 230604sun
Unlike earlier satellites that last a year or two before failing, [the life span of the new orbiting observatories is expected] to be ten to twenty years.
(A) the life span of the new orbiting observatories is expected to be
(B) the life span of the new orbiting observatories, it is expected, will be
(c) it is expected that the life span of the new orbiting observatories would be
(I)) the expectation is for the new orbiting observatories to have a life span of
(E) the
new orbiting observatories are expected to have a life span of
■ Gsc3-20 ■ 230531wed
When rates were raised in 1985, postal service officials predicted [they would make further rate increases unnecessary] for at least three years.
(A) they would make further rate increases unnecessary
(B) they would mean that further rate increases would not be needed
(C) that it would not be necessary for further rate increases
(D) that the increase would make further rate increases unnecessary
(E) further rate
increases will not be needed
■ Gsc3-19 ■ 230528sun
To help preserve ancient Egyptian monuments threatened by high water tables, a Swedish engineering firm has proposed installing pumps, perhaps solar powered, [to lower the underground water level and dig trenches] around the bases of the stone walls.
(A) to lower the underground water level and dig trenches
(B) to lower the underground water level and to dig trenches
(C) to lower the underground water level and digging trenches
(D) that lower the underground water level and that trenches be dug
(E) that lower the
underground water level and trench digging
■ Gsc3-18 ■ 230524wed
[Under Napoleon the French were not able to organize an adequate supply system, and it] was a major cause of the failure of their invasion of Russia.
(A) Under Napoleon the French were not able to organize an adequate supply system, and it
(B) The French being unable to organize an adequate supply system under Napoleon
(C) For the French under Napoleon, to be unable to organize an adequate supply system
(D) The inability of the French under Napoleon to organize an adequate supply system
(E) The French
inability under Napoleon of organizing an adequate supply system
■ Gsc3-17 ■ 230521sun
[Although just inside the orbit of] Jupiter, amateur astronomers with good telescopes should be able to see the comet within the next few weeks.
(A) Although just inside the orbit of
(B) Although it is just inside the orbit of
(C) Just inside the orbit of
(D) Orbiting just inside
(E) Having orbited
just inside
■ Gsc3-16 ■ 230517wed
One of Ronald Reagan's first acts as President was to rescind President Carter's directive [that any chemical banned on medical grounds in the United States be prohibited from sale to other countries].
(A) that any chemical banned on medical grounds in the United States be prohibited from sale to other countries
(B) that any chemical be prohibited from sale to other countries that was banned on medical grounds in the United States
(C) prohibiting the sale to other countries of any chemical banned on medical grounds in the United States
(D) prohibiting that any chemical banned on medical grounds in the United States is sold to other countries
(E) that any
chemical banned in the United States on medical grounds is prohibited from
being sold to other countries
■ Gsc3-15 ■ 230514sun
According to his own account, Frederic-Auguste Bartholdi, the sculptor of the Statue of Liberty, [modeled the face of the statue like his mother's and the body like his wife's].
(A) modeled the face of the statue like his mother's and the body like his wife's
(B) modeled the face of the statue after that of his mother and the body after that of his wife
(C) modeled the face of the statue like his mother and the body like his wife
(D) made the face of the statue after his mother and the body after his wife
(E) made the face of the statue look like his mother and the body look like his wife
■ Gsc3-15 ■ 230514sun
According to his own account, Frederic-Auguste Bartholdi, the sculptor of the Statue of Liberty, [modeled the face of the statue like his mother's and the body like his wife's].
(A) modeled the face of the statue like his mother's and the body like his wife's
(B) modeled the face of the statue after that of his mother and the body after that of his wife
(C) modeled the face of the statue like his mother and the body like his wife
(D) made the face of the statue after his mother and the body after his wife
(E) made the face of
the statue look like his mother and the body look like his wife ■ Gsc3-14 ■ 230510wed
Several senior officials spoke to the press on condition [that they not be named] in the story.
(A) that they not be named
(B) that their names will not be used
(C) that their names are not used
(D) of not being named
(E) they will not be
named
■ Gsc3-13 ■ 230507sun
According to scientists at the University of California, the pattern of changes that have occurred in human DNA over the millennia [indicate the possibility that everyone alive today might be descended from a single female ancestor who] lived in Africa sometime between 140,000 and 280,000 years ago.
(A) indicate the possibility that everyone alive today might be descended from a single female ancestor who
(B) indicate that everyone alive today might possibly be a descendant of a single female ancestor who had
(C) may indicate that everyone alive today has descended from a single female ancestor who had
(D) indicates that everyone alive today may be a descendant of a single female ancestor who
(E) indicates that
everyone alive today might be a descendant from a single female ancestor who
■ Gsc3-12 ■ 230503sun
Most nations regard their airspace [as extending] upward as high as an aircraft can fly; no specific altitude, however, has been officially recognized as a boundary.
(A) as extending
(B) as the extent
(C) to be an extent
(D) to be an extension
(E) to extend
■ Gsc3-11 ■ 230430sun
Several studies have found that the coronary patients who exercise most actively [have half or less than half the chance of dying of a heart attack as those who are sedentary].
(A) have half or less than half the chance of dying of a heart attack as those who are sedentary
(B) have half the chance, or less, of dying of a heart attack than those who are sedentary do
(C) have half the chance that they will die of a heart attack, or less, than those who are sedentary do
(D) are at least fifty percent less likely to die of a heart attack as those who are sedentary
(E) are at least
fifty percent less likely than those who are sedentary to die of a heart attack
■ Gsc3-10 ■ 230426wed
More than five thousand years ago, Chinese scholars accurately described the flow of blood as a continuous circle controlled by the heart, [but it went] unnoticed in the West.
(A) but it went
(B) but it was
(C) although it was
(D) but the discovery went
(E) although the
discovery was
■ Gsc3-9 ■ 230423sun
Many psychologists and sociologists now contend that the deliberate and even brutal aggression integral to some forms of competitive athletics [increase the likelihood of imitative violence that erupts] among crowds of spectators dominated by young adult males.
(A) increase the likelihood of imitative violence that erupts
(B) increase the likelihood that there will be an eruption of imitative violence
(C) increase the likelihood of imitative violence erupting
(D) increases the likelihood for imitative violence to erupt
(E) increases the
likelihood that imitative violence will erupt
■ Gsc3-8 ■ 230419wed
Studies of the human "sleep-wake cycle" have practical relevance for matters ranging from duty assignments in nuclear submarines and air-traffic control towers [to the staff of] shifts in 24-hour factories.
(A) to the staff of
(B) to those who staff
(C) to the staffing of
(D) and staffing
(E) and the staff of
■ Gsc3-7 ■ 230416sun
As many as 300 of [the 720 paintings attributed to Rembrandt may] actually be the works of his students or other admirers.
(A) the 720 paintings attributed to Rembrandt may
(B) the 720 paintings attributed to be Rembrandt's might
(C) the 720 paintings that were attributed to be by Rembrandt may
(D) the 720 Rembrandt paintings that were once attributed to him might
(E) Rembrandt's
paintings, although 720 were once attributed to him, may
■ Gsc3-6 ■ 230412wed
Because young children do not organize their attention or perceptions systematically, [like adults], they may notice and remember details that their elders ignore.
(A) like adults
(B) unlike an adult
(C) as adults
(D) as adults do
(E) as an adult
■ Gsc3-5 ■ 230409sun
By studying the primitive visual systems of single-cell aquatic organisms, [biophysicists have discovered a striking similarity between algae and cows], a similarity that indicates the common evolutionary origin of plants and animals: both algae and cows produce a light-sensitive protein called rhodopsin.
(A) biophysicists have discovered a striking similarity between algae and cows
(B) a striking similarity between algae and cows has been discovered by biophysicists
(C) there is a striking similarity that biophysicists have discovered between algae and cows
(D) the discovery of a striking similarity between algae and cows was made by biophysicists
(E) algae and cows
have a striking similarity that was discovered by biophysicists
■ Gsc3-3 ■ 230402sun
It was the loss of revenue from declines in tourism that in 1935 led the Saudi [authorities' granting a concession for oil exploration to the company that would later be known by the name] of Aramco.
(A) authorities' granting a concession for oil exploration to the company that would later be known by the name of
(B) authorities' granting a concession for oil exploration to the company later to be known as named
(C) authorities granting a concession for oil exploration to the company that would later be known by the name of
(D) authorities to grant a concession for oil exploration to the company that later will be known as being
(E) authorities to
grant a concession for oil exploration to the company later to be known as
■ Gsc3-2 ■ 230402sun
Most victims of infectious mononucleosis recover after a few weeks of listlessness, [but an unlucky few may suffer] for years.
(A) but an unlucky few may suffer
(B) and an unlucky few have suffered
(C) that an unlucky few might suffer
(D) that a few being unlucky may suffer
(E) but a few who,
being unlucky, suffered
■ Gsc3-1 ■ 230326sun
During the first one hundred fifty years of the existence of this republic, no one expected the press [was] fair; newspapers were mostly shrill, scurrilous, and partisan.
(A) was
(B) to be
(C) of being
(D) should be
(E) had to be
■ Gsc2-40 ■ 230322wed
The Mormons' interest in genealogy stems from [a belief as to family relationships being intended
to remain] eternal.
(A) a belief as to family relationships being intended to remain
(B) beliefs that family relationships are intended that they be
(C) a belief that family relationships are intended to be
(D) their believing that family relationships intend to remain
(E) beliefs in
family relationships intended to be
■ Gsc2-39 ■ 230319sun
Unlike grains, cotton, or tobacco, [spoilage is so quick with peanuts that farmers cannot store them from year to year].
(A) spoilage is so quick with peanuts that farmers cannot store them from year to year
(B) because of quick spoilage, farmers cannot store peanuts from year to year
(C) farmers cannot store peanuts from year to year because they spoil so quickly
(D) peanuts cannot be stored by farmers from year to year because of quick spoilage
(E) peanuts spoil so
quickly that farmers cannot store them from year to year
■ Gsc2-38 ■ 230315wed
Most meteoroids are reduced to small fragments when they encounter the lower layers of the Earth's atmosphere because [of air friction's producing heat which melts away surface material].
(A) of air friction's producing heat which melts away surface material
(B) of heat produced by air friction melting away surface material
(C) heat is produced by air friction, which melts away their surface material
(D) the heat produced by air friction melts away their surface material
(E) surface material
is melted away by air friction's producing heat
■ Gsc2-37 ■ 230312sun
Because the pesticide has been found to cause birth defects and fetal death in some animals, the federal Environmental Protection Agency is now considering [whether the evidence warrants restricting its use or removing it] from the market entirely.
(A) whether the evidence warrants restricting its use or removing it
(B) whether there is evidence that warrants a restriction of use or removal
(C) whether or not the evidence warrants restrictions of use or removing
(D) if there is evidence that warrants restriction of its use or removing it
(E) if the evidence
warrants that its use be restricted or that it be removed
■ Gsc2-36 ■ 230308wed
Corporate finance committees do not plan the detailed activities of the various divisions in a large firm, but [by their allocation of investment funds they make strategic judgments as to where the firm should expand].
(A) by their allocation of investment funds they make strategic judgments as to where the firm should expand
(B) when they allocate investment funds, they make strategic judgments about where the firm might be expanding
(C) they make strategic judgments on where the firm should expand when they allocate investment funds
(D) by allocating investment funds, they will make strategic judgments about where the firm might be expanding
(E) allocations of
investments funds as to where the firm should expand are their exercise in
strategic judgment
■ Gsc2-35 ■ 230305sun
When scrap steel is recycled, energy is saved in the mining, transportation, and [processing of not only iron ore but also of coal and limestone].
(A) processing of not only iron ore but also of coal and limestone
(B) processing not only of iron ore but also of coal and limestone
(C) processing not only of iron ore but also coal and limestone
(D) the processing of not only iron ore but of coal and limestone as well
(E) the processing
of not iron ore only but of coal and limestone as well
■ Gsc2-34 ■ 230301wed
[Rejecting its argument that the Masters Dog Training Club's primary aim was to teach people to train dogs, the court ruled the club ineligible for tax exemption as an educational group].
(A) Rejecting its argument that the Masters Dog Training Club's primary aim was to teach people to train dogs, the court ruled the club ineligible for tax exemption as an educational group.
(B) In rejecting the Masters Dog Training Club's argument that their primary aim was to teach people to train dogs, the court ruled the club ineligible to be exempted of taxes as an educational group .
(C) Rejecting the argument that the primary aim of the Masters Dog Training Club was to teach people to train dogs, the court ruled that the club was ineligible for exemption from taxes as an educational group.
(D) The club was not to be exempted of taxes as an educational group, ruled the court by rejecting its argument that the primary aim of the Masters Dog Training Club was teaching people to train dogs.
(E) The court ruled
the Masters Dog Training Club not eligible to be exempted from taxes as an
educational group, rejecting the argument that the primary aim was to teach
people to train dogs.
■ Gsc2-33 ■ 230226sun
According to a government study, the lush swamps and marshes of the Mississippi delta, among the finest wetlands in the world, are vanishing at a rate of 39 square miles a year, [as fast as two and a half times the rate that was] previously thought.
(A) as fast as two and a half times the rate that was
(B) two and a half times as fast as it had been
(C) two and a half times faster than
(D) a rate two and a half times as fast as
(E) which is a rate
two and a half times faster than had been
■ Gsc2-32 ■ 230222wed
History has not been kind to Sara Teasdale, but she won a Pulitzer award and saw a book of her verse on the best-seller list, a feat [none of the poets of today will likely duplicate].
(A) none of the poets of today will likely duplicate
(B) no poet today is likely to duplicate
(C) no poet today will likely duplicate
(D) poets of today are not likely to reduplicate
(E) likely to be
unduplicated by poets of today
■ Gsc2-31 ■ 230219sun
Since laws reflect the concerns and values of their creators, the greater the differences between those [making the laws and those expected to obey the laws means a greater] probability of violations.
(A) making the laws and those expected to obey the laws means a greater
(B) making the laws and those expected to obey them increases the
(C) making the laws and those expected to obey them, the greater
(D) who make the laws and those who are expected to obey the laws, the greater the
(E) who make the
laws and those who are expected to obey the laws increases the
■ Gsc2-30 ■ 230215wed
[Millions of workers have jobs that are able to be done as well at home as at the office, instead of consuming the gasoline used to get to work.].
(A) Millions of workers have jobs that are able to be done as well at home as at the office, instead of consuming the gasoline used to get to work.
(B) Millions of workers have jobs that can be done as well at home as the office, rather than consume the gasoline they must use to get to work.
(C) Instead of consuming the gasoline used to get to work, millions of workers have jobs that are able to be done as well at home as at the office.
(D) Rather than consume the gasoline used to get to work, millions of workers can do their jobs as well at home as the office.
(E) Instead of using
gasoline to get to work, millions of workers could do their jobs as well at
home as at the office.
■ Gsc2-29 ■ 230212sun
[The rate of metabolism reactions of an organism of a complex nature is limited by the rate at which] waste products are removed through the animal's specialized circulatory and excretory systems.
(A) The rate of metabolism reactions of an organism of a complex nature is limited by the rate at which
(B) The rate of metabolic reactions in a complex organism is limited by the rate at which
(C) The rate of metabolism reactions in a complex organism are limited by the rate which
(D) A complex organism's rate of metabolic reactions are limited by the rate at which
(E) A complex
organism's rate of metabolism reactions is limited by the rate at which
■ Gsc2-28 ■ 230208wed
In the Ann Arbor court case, the parents of fifteen Black children successfully brought suit against the school system for, first of all, failing to take the children's vernacular into account in teaching them, and [secondary, for their failure that the children did not learn] to read Standard English.
(A) secondary, for their failure that the children did not learn
(B) secondly, for their failure to teach the children
(C) secondly, that they failed and the children did not learn
(D) second, that they failed to teach the children
(E) second, failing
to teach the children
■ Gsc2-27 ■ 230205sun
The versions of Spanish spoken in Madrid and in Buenos Aires are [as distinct one from the other as] the kinds of English spoken in Edinburgh and in Atlanta.
(A) as distinct one from the other as
(B) as distinct from each other as
(C) distinctive from one another as are
(D) distinctive from each other as are
(E) as distinctive
one from the other as
■ Gsc2-26 ■ 230201wed
To Adam Smith, economics was thought to have much to teach about the creation of wealth but relatively little about its distribution.
(A) To Adam Smith, economics was thought to have
(B) To Adam Smith's belief, economics has
(C) Adam Smith believed that economics had
(D) To Adam Smith's belief, economics had
(E) Economics, to
Adam Smith's belief, has ■ 解法のテクニック ■ 基本英作テクニック。Concisenessで考えると(英文はSVが軸)。。。?
■ Gsc2-25 ■230129sun
Baseball is unique [for the major sports because it is the only ball game in which the team does not have possession of the ball on offense] .
(A) for the major sports because it is the only ball game in which the team does not have possession of the ball on offense
(B) for the major sports in that it is the only ball game that the team on offense does not have possession of the ball
(C) among major sports as the only ball game that the team on offense does not have possession of the ball
(D) among major sports in that it is the only ball game in which the team on offense does not have possession of the ball
(E) among the major
sports by being the only ball game in which the team does not have possession
of the ball on offense
■ Gsc2-24 ■191021mon
World oil prices would have to rise before companies could recover the costs of extracting Alaskan natural gas, [transportation to the Alaska coast, where it will go to processing plants there], and shipping it to markets in the lower United States.
(A) transportation to the Alaska coast, where it will go to processing plants there
(B) transportation to Alaska coast processing plants
(C) of transportation to processing plants on the Alaska coast
(D) transporting it to the Alaska coast, where it will go to processing plants there
(E) transporting it
to processing plants on the Alaska coast
■ Gsc2-23 ■ 230122sun
President Carter urged that women as well as men be required to register for the draft.
(A) as well as men be
(B) as well as men are to be
(C) just as men ought to be
(D) like men should be
(E) like men are to
be
■ Gsc2-22 ■ 230118wed
An agrarian society such as the United States at the close of the eighteenth century could produce the food [needed so that they could sustain themselves, but not the tools for advancement and competition] with other nations.
(A) needed so that they could sustain themselves, but not the tools for advancement and competition
(B) needed for sustaining themselves, but not produce the tools for advancement and competition
(C) necessary to sustain themselves, but not the tools to advance and compete
(D) necessary to sustain itself, but not the tools to advance and compete
(E) necessary for it
to sustain itself, but not produce the tools to advance and compete
■ Gsc2-21 ■ 230111
[Like that of Haydn] , Schubert also wrote a great deal for the stage, but he is remembered principally for his concert-hall and chamber music.
(A) Like that of Haydn
(B) Like Haydn's music
(C) Similar to Haydn's music
(D) Similar to Haydn
(E) Like Haydn
■ Gsc2-20 ■ 230111wed
Legislators from the state senate and assembly agreed on a bill to allow registered nurses who are specially trained to diagnose and treat illnesses without the direct supervision of a physician.
(A) to allow registered nurses who are specially trained to diagnose and treat
(B) to allow registered nurses with special training for diagnosing and treating
(C) allowing specially trained registered nurses to diagnose and treat
(D) that allows registered nurses who are trained specially to diagnose and treat
(E) that will allow those registered nurses who have been specially trained to diagnose and treat
■ Gsc2-18 ■ 230108sun
Although low in per capita income, India is [among the ten most industrialized nations, among the only seven countries that have launched their own earth satellites, and among] the three countries that have the largest pools of technically trained persons.
(A) among the only seven countries that have launched their own earth satellites, and among
(B) the only seven countries to have launched their own earth satellites, and
(C) among the only seven countries to have launched their own earth satellites, and
(D) the seven countries that are the only ones that launched their own earth satellites, and
(E) the seven
countries that have been the only ones to launch their own earth satellites,
and
■ Gsc2-19 ■230104
When bitter managerial conflicts plague a small company, [conflicts that in the past might have led to dissolution of the business, executives are likely to] turn to outside professional counselors to help resolve disagreements.
(A) conflicts plague a small company, conflicts that in the past might have led to dissolution of the business, executives are likely to
(B) conflicts plague a small company, conflicts that might have in the past led to its dissolution, executives likely will
(C) conflicts plague a small company, which in the past might have led to the business' dissolution, executives are liable to
(D) conflicts, which in the past might have led to dissolution of the business, plague a small company, executives are liable to
(E) conflicts, which in the past might have led to its dissolution, plague a small company, executives tend to
■ Gsc2-17 ■ 230102
The profile of the typical family in the United States is changing: a recent study shows that for the past decade, more children [had mothers who were employed than had not].
(A) had mothers who were employed than had not
(B) have had employed mothers than had not
(C) had employed mothers than not
(D) than not have had mothers who were employed
(E) than not had
mothers employed
■ Gsc2-16 ■ 221228wed
Much of the hope for continued improvement of the economy lies in the projection of increasing consumer spending this year.
(A) projection of increasing consumer spending
(B) projection of consumers increasing spending for (C) projected consumer spending increase
(D) consumer spending that is projected to increase
(E) increase in
consumer spending that is projected for
■ Gsc2-15 ■221225sun
Reports that a carcinogenic substance, ethylene dibromide, [has been found in flour, pancake mixes, and other widely used food products is] being investigated by the Environmental Protection Agency.
(A) has been found in flour, pancake mixes, and other widely used food products is
(B) has been found in flour, pancake mixes, and other widely used food products are
(C) was found in flour, pancake mixes, and other widely used food products is
(D) that was found in flour, pancake mixes, and other widely used food products is
(E) that has been
found in flour, pancake mixes, and other widely used food products are
■ Gsc2-14 ■221221wed
In twelfth-century Baghdad, Shuhda became a great religious scholar, and [men as well as women had attended her lectures].
(A) men as well as women had attended her lectures
(B) there were men who attended her lectures as well as women
(C) men as well as women attended her lectures
(D) her lectures were given to men as well as women
(E) her lectures
were given to both men and women
■ Gsc2-13 ■221218sun
The average human life span is [less than forty years, except in areas where] improvements in health care and preventive medicine have raised life expectancy to past the age of seventy.
(A) less than forty years, except in areas where
(B) fewer than forty years, excepting in areas where
(C) less than forty years, excepting in areas in which
(D) fewer than forty years, except for those areas that
(E) less than forty
years, excepting for those areas in which
■ Gsc2-12 221214wed
The huge painted temples, the canals and cause-ways, the palaces and markets, the orderliness and cleanliness?everything about Tenochtitlan [impressed Cortes so that he compared] it favorably with the great cities of Spain.
(A) impressed Cortes so that he compared
(B) so impressed Cortes to compare
(C) were impressive enough to Cortes so that he compared
(D) so impressed Cortes that he compared
(E) impressed Cortes
so as to compare
■ Gsc2-11 ■221211sun
Pediatricians [ having observed the practice of both older and younger colleagues contend that older pediatricians are likely to overlook evidence of child abuse and they therefore diagnose ] it less often.
(A) having observed the practice of both older and younger colleagues contend that older pediatricians are likely to overlook evidence of child abuse and they therefore diagnose
(B) having observed the practice of both older and younger colleagues contend that older pediatricians likely overlook evidence of child abuse and therefore diagnose
(C) who have observed the practice of both older and younger colleagues contend that the older pediatrician is likely to overlook evidence of child abuse and they therefore diagnose
(D) who have observed the practice of both older and younger colleagues contend that the older pediatrician likely overlooks evidence of child abuse and therefore they diagnose
(E) who have
observed the practice of both older and younger colleagues contend that the
older pediatrician is likely to overlook evidence of child abuse and therefore
diagnoses
■ Gsc2-10 ■221207wed
Many savings and loan institutions are suffering because they are forced to pay at least 10 percent [or more interest to attract deposits and carry many mortgages not earning] 9 percent.
(A) or more interest to attract deposits and carry many mortgages not earning
(B) or more interest to attract deposits but carry many mortgages that earn less than
(C) interest to attract deposits while carrying many mortgages that earn less than
(D) interest for attracting deposits while carrying many mortgages not earning
(E) interest for
attracting deposits but carry many mortgages that earn less than
■ Gsc2-9 ■221204sun
[Decaying at the present rate, experts say that the Great Sphinx could be reduced by desert winds and corrosive salts to dust in five or six centuries.]
(A) Decaying at the present rate, experts say that the Great Sphinx could be reduced by desert winds and corrosive salts to dust in five or six centuries.
(B) Decaying at the present rate, desert winds and corrosive salts could reduce the Great Sphinx to dust in five or six centuries, experts say.
(C) At the present rate of decay, in five or six centuries experts say the Great Sphinx could be reduced by desert winds and corrosive salts to dust.
(D) At the present rate of decay, desert winds and corrosive salts in five or six centuries, experts say, could reduce the Great Sphinx to dust.
(E) At the present
rate of decay, experts say, the Great Sphinx could be reduced to dust in five
or six centuries by desert winds and corrosive salts.
■ Gsc2-7 ■ 221127sun
[The ambassador rarely has] great importance in the age of telecommunications; since virtually all policies are made in their own countries, their jobs entail more show than substance.
(A) The ambassador rarely has
(B) It is rare that an ambassador is of
(C) Rare are the ambassadors having
(D) It is rare that there is an ambassador who has
(E) Ambassadors
rarely have
■ Gsc2-6 ■221123wed
High-yield grains require large quantities of fertilizer and pesticides, extensive irrigation systems, and [ever more expensive fuel for pumping] water and running machinery.
(A) ever more expensive fuel for pumping
(B) ever more expensive fuels that pump
(C) more and more expensive fuel pumping
(D) fuel, ever more expensive, pumping
(E) fuels, ever more
expensive, that pump
■ Gsc2-5 ■221120sun
The proposals for commercial and residential building in the area have been scaled down because of a disagreement between commercial planners [and the regional planning commission over if continued growth will hasten the decline of] neighboring cities.
(A) and the regional planning commission over if continued growth will hasten the decline of
(B) with the regional planning commission over if continued growth will hasten decline in
(C) and the regional planning commission over whether continued growth will hasten the decline of
(D) with the regional planning commission over whether continued growth will hasten the declension in
(E) and the regional
planning commission about continued growth hastening declension in
■ Gsc2-3 ■221113sun
Approximately 200 companies in the United States are now using the new technology of gene splicing to make products that [may be able someday to do everything from boosting crop growth to the treatment of] cancer.
(A) may be able someday to do everything from boosting crop growth to the treatment of
(B) may someday be able to do everything from boosting crop growth to treating
(C) someday can perhaps do everything from the boosting of crop growth to treating
(D) can, perhaps, someday do everything from the boosting of the growth of crops to treating
(E) can someday
perhaps do everything from boosting the growth of crops to the treatment of
■ Gsc2-2 ■221109wed
The glittering wealth of Venice was attributable [not so much to exotic spices as to commonplace salt], a commodity Venetians exchanged in Constantinople for the spices of Asia.
(A) not so much to exotic spices as to commonplace salt,
(B) not so much to exotic spices but rather it was to commonplace salt,
(C) to commonplace salt rather than so much to exotic spices
(D) to commonplace salt not so much as to exotic spices,
(E) not to exotic
spices so much as to commonplace salt, and
■ Gsc2-1 ■221106sun
By the end of the Civil War there were 179,000 Black soldiers in the Union army, and, together with Blacks in the navy, [having accounted for nearly] 10 percent of the Union's armed forces.
(A) having accounted for nearly
(B) they accounted for nearly
(C) it accounted for near
(D) accounting for up to nearly
(E) they had
accounted for near
■ Gsc1-40 ■221031wed
As late as the eighteenth century, the rank of guests at a banquet was gauged as to where they sat relative to an often elaborate saltcellar on the table.
(A) as to where they sat relative to
(B) as to where they would sit relative with
(C) by where they would sit relative with
(D) by where they sat in relation to
(E) in where they
sat in relation to ■ Gsc1-40 ■221031wed
As late as the eighteenth century, the rank of guests at a banquet was gauged as to where they sat relative to an often elaborate saltcellar on the table.
(A) as to where they sat relative to
(B) as to where they would sit relative with
(C) by where they would sit relative with
(D) by where they sat in relation to
(E) in where they
sat in relation to
■ Gsc1-39 ■221030sun
County waste disposal site selection has been a bitter debate between local municipalities, the board of county commissioners, and neighbors of the proposed sites.
(A) County waste disposal site selection has been a bitter debate between
(B) There has been a bitter debate over county waste disposal site selection by
(C) Waste disposal site selection in the county has been a bitter debate between
(D) Selection of a site for the disposal of wastes in the county has caused bitter debate among
(E) Site selection
for waste disposal in the county has been a bitter debate among
■ Gsc1-38 ■221026wed
Of all the great non-Western classical music traditions, India is perhaps best known to American audiences.
(A) India is perhaps best known to American audiences
(B) American audiences perhaps know India the best
(C) India's is the one that is perhaps better known to American audiences
(D) India's is perhaps the one best known to American audiences
(E) that of India is
perhaps the one better known to American audiences
■ Gsc1-37 ■221023sun
The pattern of economic crisis in the developing countries is ominously familiar to what happened in the industrial countries in the Great Depression.
(A) familiar to what happened
(B) similar with the occurrences
(C) reminiscent of what happened
(D) familiar to the occurrences
(E) reminiscent to
what happened
■ Gsc1-36 ■221019wed
Heavy and prolonged use of cocaine can lead to psychological dependence, the symptoms of which are similar to narcotics dependence.
(A) the symptoms of which are similar to narcotics dependence
(B) the symptoms of which are similar to those of dependence on narcotics
(C) which in symptoms are similar to those of dependence on narcotics
(D) which has the symptoms similar to those of narcotics dependence
(E) which has
symptoms similar to narcotics dependence
■ Gsc1-35 ■221016sun
Dr. Shirmer was cited for her pioneering research on [the interacting of disease agents with their carriers].
(A) the interacting of disease agents with their carriers
(B) disease agents' interactions with their carriers
(C) the interaction of disease agents and their carriers
(D) disease agents, their carriers, and their interaction
(E) carriers and
their interaction with disease agents
■ Gsc1-34 ■221012wed
Under Sweden's antiquities law, when farmers building a new barn will strike a Viking site, they cannot complete the building until an archaeologist excavates the site at the farmer's expense.
(A) when farmers building a new barn will strike a Viking site, they
(B) farmers building a new barn and striking a Viking site
(C) farmers building a new barn, when they strike a Viking site,
(D) should a farmer who is building a new barn have struck a Viking site, they
(E) a farmer who
strikes a Viking site while building a new barn
■ Gsc1-33 ■221009sun
There seems to be a broad range of international policy issues on which [the views of France's Socialist president are more compatible with President Reagan's than were those of his predecessor].
(A) the views of France's Socialist president are more compatible with President Reagan's than were those of his predecessor
(B) the views of France's Socialist president seem more compatible with those of President Reagan than were those of his predecessor's
(C) the views of France's Socialist president seem more compatible with those of President Reagan than his predecessor's
(D) France's Socialist president's views are more compatible with President Reagan's than his predecessor's
(E) France's
Socialist president's views seem more compatible with President Reagan's than
those of his predecessor
■ Gsc1-31 ■221002sun
[Both Muslims and Karaites face toward a holy city while praying, but unlike the Muslims that turn toward Mecca, the Karaites turn] toward Jerusalem.
(A) Both Muslims and Karaites face toward a holy city while praying, but unlike the Muslims that turn
(B) Muslims and Karaites face toward a holy city while praying, but unlike the Muslims turning
(C) Like Muslims, Karaites face toward a holy city while praying, but unlike them turning
(D) Similar to Muslims, Karaites face toward a holy city while praying too, and whereas the Muslims turn
(E) Like Muslims,
Karaites face toward a holy city while praying, but whereas the Muslims turn
■Gsc1-30■ 220928wed
Although it is the parent who is at fault in neglect and abuse cases, it is the children that are shipped off either to an institution or turned into an orphan, and that is left to wander from one foster home to the next.
(A) children that are shipped off either to an institution or turned into an orphan, and that is left to wander from one foster home to the next
(B) children that are either shipped off to an institution or turned into orphans and left to wander from one foster home to the other
(C) children who may be either shipped off to an institution or turned into orphans, and that are left to wander from one foster home to the next
(D) child who is either shipped off to an institution or turned into an orphan, left to wander from one foster home to another
(E) child who may
either be shipped off to an institution or turned into an orphan, left
wandering from one foster home to another
■Gsc1-28■ 220921wed
According to Einstein's theory of relativity, light rays are deflected by the gravity of a nearby massive body, an observable effect as a star appears to shift position when its light passes near the Sun.
(A) an observable effect as a star appears to shift position when
(B) an effect observed as the appearance of a shift in the position of a star while
(C) an effect that can be observed when a star appears to shift position as
(D) which can be observed when a star appears to shift its position during the time
(E) observable when
a star appears to undergo a shift in position while
■Gsc1-27■220918sun
The Egyptian Coptic church, one of the oldest Christian communities in the world, traces its spiritual heritage to the preaching of St. Mark, and owing to a fourth-century theological dispute they have had little contact with the rest of the world's Christians for more than fifteen hundred years.
(A) and owing to a fourth-century theological dispute they have had
(B) but because of a fourth-century theological dispute it has had
(C) but owing to a fourth-century theological dispute they have had
(D) but on account of a fourth-century theological dispute there has been
(E) and due to the
fact that there was a fourth-century theological dispute there was
■Gsc1-26■ 220914wed
The controversy over if women are to register for the draft was rekindled by the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan.
(A) over if women are to register
(B) over whether women should register
(C) about if women should register
(D) about whether women will register
(E) about women
being registered
■Gsc1-25■ 220911sun
When high interest rates cause the value of the United States dollar to rise relative to other countries, it makes the exports of other countries become cheaper to buy in the United States and United States exports become more expensive in other countries.
(A) countries, it makes the exports of other countries become
(B) countries, both the exports of other countries become
(C) currencies, it makes the exports of other countries
(D) currencies, it both makes the exports of other countries become
(E) currencies, the
exports of other countries become
■Gsc1-24■ 220907wed
It was the demand for labor in the burgeoning industries of the United States that obliged its leaders, sometimes grudgingly, to open the ports of the country to the people of Europe.
(A) that obliged its leaders, sometimes grudgingly, to open
(B) obliging its leaders, grudgingly at times, that they open
(C) that had obliged its leaders, sometimes grudgingly, who opened
(D) having obliged its leaders, at times grudgingly, to open
(E) that has obliged
its leaders, sometimes grudgingly, opening
■Gsc1-23■ 220904sun
Considered the greatest of Dutch landscape artists, "View of Haarlem" was painted by van Ruisdael about 1670.
(A) "View of Haarlem" was painted by van Ruisdael
(B) "View of Haarlem" was a painting of van Ruisdael's done
(C) the painter of "View of Haarlem" was van Ruisdael
(D) van Ruisdael painted "View of Haarlem"
(E) van Ruisdael's
"View of Haarlem" was painted
■Gsc1-22■ 220831wed
High-yield grains are particularly vulnerable to insects and disease.
(A) particularly vulnerable to
(B) in particular vulnerable to
(C) particularly vulnerable against
(D) in particular vulnerable from
(E) vulnerable
particularly against
■Gsc1-21■220828sun
The notion of multiple personalities was always more readily accepted in popular books and movies than psychiatrists and other doctors did.
(A) than psychiatrists and other doctors did
(B) than it was by psychiatrists and other doctors
(C) as did psychiatrists and other doctors
(D) as it was by psychiatrists and other doctors
(E) than do
psychiatrists and other doctors
■Gsc1-20 ■ 220824wed
[Covered with low shrubs, the quality of the land along the seashore is sandy and unsuitable for agricultural use].
(A) Covered with low shrubs, the quality of the land along the seashore is sandy and unsuitable for agricultural use.
(B) Covered with low shrubs, the land along the seashore is sandy and unsuitable for agriculture.
(C) The land along the seashore, covered with low shrubs, is sandy and has a quality unsuitable for agricultural use.
(D) The land along the seashore is covered with low shrubs, sandy, and is unsuitable for agriculture.
(E) The quality of
the land along the seashore, covered with low shrubs, is sandy and unsuitable
for agricultural use.
■Gsc1-19■ 220821sun
As vital as their igloos, which permit the Innuits to live in reasonable comfort in an icy land, and just as ingenious, [are their winter clothing, so perfect in design and material that the Innuits are made nearly impervious against] any arctic weather.
(A) are their winter clothing, so perfect in design and material that the Innuits are made nearly impervious against
(B) are the winter clothing of the Innuits, so perfect in design and material that they are made nearly impervious to
(C) is their winter clothing, so perfect in design and material that it makes them nearly impervious to
(D) is the winter clothing of the Innuits, so perfect in design and material as to make them nearly impervious against
(E) has been the
winter clothing of the Innuits, so perfect in design and material as to be made
nearly impervious to
■Gsc1-17■ 220814sun
Compared with the nuclear arsenal of the United States, [the Soviet Union has fewer but considerably larger intercontinental warheads at its disposal].
(A) the Soviet Union has fewer but considerably larger intercontinental warheads at its disposal
(B) the Soviet Union has at its disposal less numerous but considerably larger intercontinental warheads
(C) the intercontinental warheads at the Soviet Union's disposal are less numerous but considerably larger
(D) the Soviet Union's less numerous but considerably larger intercontinental warheads are at its disposal
(E) there are less
numerous but considerably larger intercontinental warheads at the Soviet
Union's disposal
■Gsc1-16■ 220810wed
On a Chippewa reservation in Wisconsin, young members of the tribe are using computers [for learning their ancient language that was nearly forgotten].
(A) for learning their ancient language that was nearly forgotten
(B) for learning their ancient language that they nearly forgot
(C) to learn their ancient-language, which they nearly forgot
(D) to learn their ancient and nearly forgotten language
(E) to learn their
language that was ancient and nearly forgotten
■Gsc1-15 ■ 220807sun
A summary of both the Uniform Crime Reports of the Federal Bureau of Investigation and the victimization reports for the last decade [show that while the number of] police reports of serious crime has risen steadily, the number of victims of crime remains about the same.
(A) show that while the number of
(B) show while
(C) shows that while
(D) shows while the number of
(E) shows that while
the number of
■Gsc1-14■ 220803wed
The tissues of the human body are constantly moistened by a briny solution thought [to be of about the same salinity as the primordial sea from which] life emerged.
(A) to be of about the same salinity as the primordial sea from which
(B) of as about the same salinity like the primordial sea out of which
(C) to be about the same salinity as the primordial sea from where
(D) of as about the same salinity as the primordial sea from where
(E) to be of about
the same salinity like the primordial sea from which
■Gsc1-14■ 220803wed The tissues of the human body are constantly moistened by a briny solution thought [to be of about the same salinity as the primordial sea from which] life emerged.
(A) to be of about the same salinity as the primordial sea from which
(B) of as about the same salinity like the primordial sea out of which
(C) to be about the same salinity as the primordial sea from where
(D) of as about the same salinity as the primordial sea from where
(E) to be of about the same salinity like the primordial sea from which ■Gsc1-12 220727wed Syosz argues that in the Dreyfus case the judicial system was used to convict a demonstrably innocent man but that in the Draper case the judicial system [had been used for exonerating a person who can be demonstrated to be guilty].
(A) had been used for exonerating a person who can be demonstrated to be guilty
(B) was used for exonerating a person who could be demonstrated to be guilty
(C) has been used to exonerate a person who had been a demonstrably guilty one
(D) was used to exonerate a demonstrably guilty one
(E) has been used
for the exoneration of a demonstrably guilty person
■Gsc1-11■220724sun The newspaper story accurately recounted the history of the colonial [mansion, that it contained thirteen rooms, and that it had a reputation for being a haunted house].
(A) mansion, that it contained thirteen rooms, and that it had a reputation for being a haunted house
(B) mansion, that it contained thirteen rooms, and that it had a reputation of being haunted
(C) mansion, that the mansion contained thirteen rooms, and said that it had a reputation for being haunted
(D) mansion, said that it contained thirteen rooms and had a reputation for being a haunted house
(E) mansion and said
that the mansion contained thirteen rooms and had the reputation of being
haunted
Gsc1-10■220720wed [ Although the Arabs in Israel are allowed to vote in Israeli elections, only about ten percent do so ].
(A) Although the Arabs in Israel are allowed to vote in Israeli elections, only about ten percent do so.
(B) Although it is allowed, only about ten percent of the Arabs in Israel vote in Israeli elections.
(C) Even though they are allowed to do it, only about ten percent of the Arabs in Israel vote in Israeli elections.
(D) Only about ten percent of the Arabs in Israel vote in Israeli elections, despite being allowed to.
(E) Only about ten
percent of the Arabs in Israel vote in Israeli elections, in spite of their
being allowed to do so.
Gsc1-09 220717sun On the average, meat and fish represent 21 percent of an American's diet but only 8 percent of [ Russians ].
(A) Russians
(B) a diet in Russia
(C) the diet of the Russian's
(D) the diet of the Russians
(E) a Russian's
Gsc1-07■220710sun When doctors attempt to diagnose an illness, they look for ways in which the patient's symptoms resemble those of one disease and are different than those of another.
(A) and are different than those of another
(B) and differs from others
(C) and differ from those of others
(D) but are different than that of the other
(E) but are
different from those of the others
Gsc1-06 220706wed
The price of rice, which was fourteen dollars a hundredweight in 1981, will plunge, so it is expected, to a mere seven or eight dollars this year.
(A) will plunge, so it is expected, to a mere
(B) will plunge, so the expectation is, to merely
(C) is to plunge, as expected, to merely
(D) is to plunge, as is expected, to a mere
(E) is expected to
plunge to a mere
■Gsc1-04 220619wed [The economic problem Puerto Rico has is, properly characterized, a surplus of labor, not overpopulation, and it only was] aggravated when the massive influx of capital that took place under Operation Bootstrap resulted in a notable decline in the demand for labor.
(A) The economic problem Puerto Rico has is, properly characterized, a surplus of labor, not overpopulation, and it only was
(B) Properly characterized, the economic problem Peen Rico has is a surplus of labor, not overpopulation, and it only was
(C) The economic problem of Puerto Rico is properly characterized not as overpopulation but as a surplus of labor, which was only
(D) The economic problem of Puerto Rico is, properly characterized, a surplus of labor, not overpopulation, which only was
(E) Puerto Rico has,
properly characterized, the economic problem of a surplus of labor, not
overpopulation, and it was only
■Gsc1-03 220625sun Mary Allenbee's lawyer decided that [the names of those who received her large political contributions not to be revealed] to the congressional investigators.
(A) the names of those who received her large political contributions not to be revealed (B) the names of the recipients of her large political contributions would not be revealed (C) the names of those who had received her large political contributions was not to be revealed (D) there would be no revelation of the names of those recipients of her large political contributions (E) the names of those who had received her large political contributions was not going to be revealed
■ 解法のテクニック ■ ★ Grammar ★ Conciseness
■Gsc1-02 220622wed The papers in the National Archives recounting the experiences of some 200,000 Black men who joined the Union forces during the Civil War have been prepared [to be published by] the historian Ira Berlin.
(A) to be published by (B) for publication by (C) for publishing by (D) as the publication of (E) for the publication by
■ 解法のテクニック ■ ★ Clarity ★ Diction
■Gsc1-01 220619sun
Real family income excluding the effects of inflation, [has rapidly risen from 1960 up to 1970 but virtually does not change from 1970 up] to 1980.
(A) has rapidly risen from 1960 up to 1970 but virtually does not change from 1970 up
(B) arose with rapidity from 1960 up to 1970 and was virtually unchanged from 1970 up
(C) rose with rapidity from 1960 to 1970 and virtually is unchangeable from 1970
(D) rose rapidly from 1960 to 1970 but was virtually unchanged from 1970
(E) rapidly rises from 1960 to 1970 and virtually is unchangeable from 1970
■ 解法のテクニック ■
★ Parallelism: from-to
★ Tense
■ Gsc8-30 ■ 220615wed Senior executives of the Elektra Corporation have decided on undertaking a revised strategy that will be likely to put greater emphasis on the firm's merchant banking activities than on securities trading.
(A) on undertaking a revised strategy that will be
(B) on undertaking a revision of strategy that is
(C) on undertaking a revised strategy that would be
(D) to undertake a revised strategy that is
(E) to undertake a revision of strategy that would be
■ 解法のテクニック ■ ★ Diction: be likely to
■ Gsc8-29 ■ 220610sun While consumer groups have become alarmed over the high rates of interest on purchases made with certain credit cards, there has been no significant decline in demanding or using them.
(A) no significant decline in demanding or using them
(B) no significant decline in the demand for or use of such cards
(C) neither a significant decline in the demand for, nor in the use of them
(D) a significant decline neither in demanding such cards, nor in the use of them
(E) a significant decline neither in demanding or using such cards
■ 解法のテクニック ■ ★ Parallelism: neither nor ★ Diction
■ Gsc8-28 ■ 220609wed In the United States, more than half of all arrests for serious crimes against property are [of 20 year olds or younger].
(A) of 20 year olds or younger
(B) 20 years old or younger
(C) of persons 20 years old or younger
(D) persons 20 years old or less
(E) 20 years old or less
■ 解法のテクニック ■ ★ Trick! ★ Parallelism
■ Gsc8-27 ■ 220605sun [The Statue of Liberty’s defects in its supporting structure that led to its deterioration] have been corrected, according to a firm of consulting engineers.
(A) The Statue of Liberty’s defects in its supporting structure that led to its deterioration
(B) The Statue of Liberty’s defects in its supporting structure, leading to its deterioration
(C) Leading to its deterioration, the Statue of Liberty’s defects in its supporting structure
(D) The defects that the Statue of Liberty had in its supporting structure that led to its deterioration
(E) The defects in the supporting structure of the Statue of Liberty which led to its deterioration
■ 解法のテクニック ■ ★ Reference ★ Misplaced Modifier
■ Gsc8-26 ■ 220601wed The regulations require that the union [represent all the employees in the bargaining unit, if they are members or not].
(A) represent all the employees in the bargaining unit, if they are members or not
(B) represent all the employees in the bargaining unit, whether they are members or not
(C) represents all the employees in the bargaining unit, even if they are members or not
(D) would represent all the employees in the bargaining unit, whether they are or are not members
(E) should be representative of all the employees in the bargaining unit, if they are members or not
■ 解法のテクニック ■ ★ Diction: whether vs if ★ Diction: require
■ Gsc8-25 ■ 220529sun It appeared that the operation could safely be delayed, and the patient was therefore given the choice [of waiting two or three weeks or would he like to proceed] immediately to surgery.
(A) of waiting two or three weeks or would he like to proceed
(B) to wait two or three weeks unless he would like to proceed
(C) of waiting two or three weeks or he would proceed
(D) of waiting two or three weeks or proceeding
(E) to wait two or three weeks or proceeding
■ 解法のテクニック ■ ★ Parallelism ★ Diction: choice
■ Gsc8-24 ■ 220525wed Women working outside the home continue to earn only about two-thirds [of working men].
(A) of working men
(B) of the amount of working men
(C) of the amount working men have
(D) of the amount earned by working men
(E) what has been earned by working men
■ 解法のテクニック ■ ★ Parallelism
■ Gsc8-38 ■ 220504wed [In London that afforded its playwrights only two theaters], Aphra Behn, by 1687, had had 17 of her plays staged in as many years.
(A) In London that afforded its playwrights only two theaters,
(B) In a London that afforded its playwrights only two theaters,
(C) Even though London's playwrights only were afforded two theaters
(D) Only two theaters were afforded by London to its playwrights, and
(E) Two theaters only were afforded by London for its playwrights, and
■ 解法のテクニック ■ ★ Trick: 固有名詞London ★ Conciseness/ Clarity
[In London that afforded its playwrights only two theaters], Aphra Behn, by 1687, had had 17 of her plays staged in as many years.
(A) In London that afforded its playwrights only two theaters,
(B) In a London that afforded its playwrights only two theaters,
(C) Even though London's playwrights only were afforded two theaters
(D) Only two theaters were afforded by London to its playwrights, and
(E) Two theaters only were afforded by London for its playwrights, and
■ 解法のテクニック ■ ★ Trick: 固有名詞London ★ Conciseness/ Clarity ■ Gsc8-39 ■ 220508sun Used primarily in the past to store, retrieve, and manipulate data, [computers at the Federal Bureau of Investigation are now being asked to make judgments and for suggesting] courses of action for agents to pursue.
(A) computers at the Federal Bureau of Investigation are now being asked to make judgments and for suggesting
(B) computers at the Federal Bureau of Investigation are now being asked to make judgments and suggest
(C) the Federal Bureau of Investigation is now asking computers to make judgments and for suggesting
(D) the Federal Bureau of Investigation is now asking that computers make judgments and suggest
(E) the Federal Bureau of Investigation is now asking computers for judgments and suggestions for
■ 解法のテクニック ■ ★ Dangling Modifier ★ Parallelism
■ Gsc8-38 ■ 220504wed [In London that afforded its playwrights only two theaters], Aphra Behn, by 1687, had had 17 of her plays staged in as many years.
(A) In London that afforded its playwrights only two theaters,
(B) In a London that afforded its playwrights only two theaters,
(C) Even though London's playwrights only were afforded two theaters
(D) Only two theaters were afforded by London to its playwrights, and
(E) Two theaters only were afforded by London for its playwrights, and
■ 解法のテクニック ■ ★ Trick: 固有名詞London ★ Conciseness/ Clarity
■ Gsc8-37 ■ 220501sun Many companies in the pollution-control industry, which [until a few years ago has prospered on account of a national concern for environmental controls, has] recently experienced sharp drops in sales and profits.
(A) until a few years ago has prospered on account of a national concern for environmental controls, has
(B) up until a few years ago, when prospering on account of a national concern for environmental controls, have
(C) until a few years ago was prospering because of a national concern for environmental controls, have
(D) up until a few years ago have prospered because of a national concern for environmental controls, has
(E) until a few years ago had prospered because of a national concern for environmental controls, has
■ 解法のテクニック ■ ★ Agreement: Singular/ Plural ★ Conciseness
■ Gsc8-36 ■ 220427wed American Indians point out that they are not one body: they speak hundreds of different languages, and they are probably more different [from one another than people who live in various European capitals].
(A) from one another than people who live in various European capitals
(B) from one another than are people who live in the various capitals of Europe
(C) each from the others than people living in various European capitals
(D) than people who live in various capitals of Europe from each other
(E) from each other as people living in the various capitals of Europe
■ 解法のテクニック ■ ★ Parallelism ( more ) ★ Diction ( different )
■ Gsc8-35 ■ 220425sun For over forty years Carleen Maley Hutchins has painstakingly analyzed the acoustical secrets of the best violins and [builds instruments for testing] her findings.
(A) builds instruments for testing
(B) has built instruments as tests for
(C) built instruments to test
(D) will build instruments that test
(E) would build instruments in testing
■ 解法のテクニック ■ ★ Parallelism ( and) ★ Conciseness
■ Gsc8-33 ■ 220417sun [Eight years after they were saved from bankruptcy a sudden turnaround, the Senay Corporation is] again encountering sluggish sales, mounting competition, and deep losses.
(A) Eight years after they were saved from bankruptcy by a sudden turnaround, the Senay Corporation is
(B) Eight years before the Senay Corporation was saved from bankruptcy by a sudden turnaround, now they are
(C) After a sudden turnaround had saved them from bankruptcy eight years before, the Senay Corporation is
(D) Eight years after a sudden turnaround saved it from bankruptcy, the Senay Corporation is
(E) After the Senay Corporation had been saved from bankruptcy eight years before by a sudden turnaround, it is
■ 解法のテクニック ■ ★ Reference: they ★ Grammar ★ Tense
■ Gsc8-32 ■ 220413wed In the 1890's workers were drawn to Miami from the Bahamas by the promise [of the resort hotels that would have work for them].
(A) of the resort hotels that would have work for them
(B) of there being work for them in the resort hotels
(C) of work in the resort hotels
(D) for working in the resort hotels
(E) to have work in the resort hotels
■ 解法のテクニック ■ ★ Diction: promise
■ Gsc8-31 ■ 220410sun William Sydney Porter, who began writing while he was in prison for embezzlement, [was seeking anonymity when he chose] the pseudonym O. Henry.
(A) was seeking anonymity when he chose
(B) was seeking that he might be anonymous when he chose
(C) was seeking for anonymity and therefore chose
(D) sought anonymity in the choosing of
(E) sought to be anonymous in that he chose
■ 解法のテクニック ■ ★ Conciseness ★ Clarity
■ Gsc8-20 ■ 22046wed
A natural response of communities devastated by earthquake or flood is to rebuild on the same site, [overlooking the possibility that the forces that caused it could be repeated].
(A) overlooking the possibility that the forces that caused it could be repeated
(B) overlooking the possibility that the forces causing it could be repeated
(C) overlooking that the forces that caused the disaster could also cause another one
(D) without considering that the forces causing the disaster could be repeated
(E) without considering that the forces that caused the disaster could also cause another such disaster
■ 解法のテクニック ■
★ Reference: it
★ Clarity
■ Gsc8-19 ■ 220403wed
Unlike their close cousins the blue jays, which demonstrate raucous, aggressive, selfish, and very individualistic habits,[ the behavior of the Mexican jay has been found to be] quiet, cooperative, communal, and even altruistic.
(A) the behavior of the Mexican jay has been found to be
(B) the Mexican jay's behavior has been found
(C) it has been found that Mexican jays are
(D) Mexican jays have been found to be
(E) the Mexican jay has been found
■ 解法のテクニック ■
★ Agreement
★ Diction/
Parallelism ( unlike )
■ Gsc8-18 ■ 220330wed
A "standard candle" is a light source whose intrinsic luminosity is [so well known that the extent to which its brightness has been dimmed by distance can] be used as an astronomical yardstick.
(A) so well known that the extent to which its brightness has been dimmed by distance can
(B) so well known that the extent of its brightness that is dimmed by distance can
(C) sufficiently well known so that the extent that distance has dimmed its brightness can
(D) sufficiently well known for the extent of its brightness that has been dimmed by distance to
(E) sufficiently well known for the extent that distance has dimmed its brightness to
■ 解法のテクニック ■
★ Diction ( so-that)
★ Diction (
extent)
■ Gsc8-17 ■ 220327sun
[When deprived of carbohydrates, its preferred fuel, the body is forced to burn fats and protein for energy, thus causing] the formation of fatigue inducing toxins.
(A) When deprived of carbohydrates, its preferred fuel, the body is forced to burn fats and protein for energy, thus causing
(B) When deprived of carbohydrates, which are the body's preferred fuel, it is thus forced to burn fats and protein for energy, which causes
(C) When deprived of its preferred fuel, which are carbohydrates, the body is forced to burn fats and protein for energy, and thus causes
(D) The body is forced to burn fats and protein for energy when deprived of carbohydrates, its preferred fuel, which thus causes
(E) The body's preferred fuel is carbohydrates, and when deprived of them it is thus forced to burn fats and protein for energy, causing
■ 解法のテクニック ■
★ Reference
■ Gsc8-16 ■ 220323wed
Born Janet Miriam Taylor Caldwell near Manchester, England, on September 7, 1900, [her family moved to the United States when the future author was six].
(A) her family moved to the United States when the future author was six
(B) her family then moved, when the future author was six, to the United States
(C) her family, when the future author was six, then moved to the United States
(D) when the future author was age six, her family moved to the United States
(E) the future author moved with her family to the United States at age six
■ 解法のテクニック ■
★Dangling
Modifier
■ Gsc8-15 ■ 220320sun
The Parthenon is larger than [usual] for a Doric temple, with eight columns on the short sides and
seventeen on the long ones rather than the typical six and thirteen.
(A) usual
(B) is usual
(C) has been usual
(D) one usually is
(E) it is usual
■ 解法のテクニック ■
★ Diction :
usual
■ Gsc8-13 220313sun
Black History Month is observed in February, the month of Lincoln's birthday and the generally accepted month of Frederick Douglass' birth, [since they were each] primary figures in the abolition of slavery.
(A) since they were each
(B) who were both
(C) because both men were
(D) both of whom were
(E) each of whom was one of the
■ 解法のテクニック ■
★ Reference
■ Gsc8-12 220309wed
A pattern of accidents, of personnel problems, and of low performance ratings for mechanical systems [have marked the servicing and maintaining] of the new power plant.
(A) have marked the servicing and maintaining
(B) have marked the servicing and maintenance
(C) have marked the service and maintenance
(D) has marked the service and maintaining
(E) has marked the servicing and maintenance
■ 解法のテクニック ■
★Agreement
■ Gsc8-11 ■ 220306sun
Some surveys on the use of graphics in business presentations indicate that proposals incorporating graphics stand [a twenty percent better chance of being approved than proposals] without graphics.
(A) a twenty percent better chance of being approved than proposals
(B) a twenty percent better chance of approval in comparison with those
(C) a likelihood they will be approved twenty percent greater than those
(D) a twenty percent greater likelihood of approval as compared to proposals
(E) twenty percent more likelihood of being approved than do those
■ 解法のテクニック ■
★Comparison
■ Gsc8-10 ■ 220302wed
[Sharply fewer ducks are expected to migrate south this fall and may be] the lowest figure on record according to United States and Canadian wildlife experts.
(A) Sharply fewer ducks are expected to migrate south this fall and may be
(B) It is expected that sharply fewer ducks will migrate south this fall and will perhaps be
(C) The ducks expected to migrate south this fall will be sharply reduced, perhaps to
(D) The number of ducks that will migrate south this fall is expected to drop sharply, perhaps to
(E) A sharp drop is expected in the number of ducks that will migrate south this fall, which may be
■ 解法のテクニック ■
★Diction
★Redundancy
■ Gsc8-8 ■ 220223wed A report by the American Medical Association indicates that a surge in the number of malpractice suits began about ten years ago and [efforts to contain it since then had been only partially successful].
(A) efforts to contain it since then had been only partially successful
(B) efforts since then to contain it were only successful in part
(c) that efforts since then to contain it have been only partially successful
(D) that efforts to contain it since then only have been partially successful
(E) that efforts to contain it since then were only successful in part
■ 解法のテクニック ■ ★Tense ★Misplaced
Modifier
■ Gsc8-7 ■ 220220sun A former director of the Central Intelligence Agency has said that the surveillance capabilities of United States satellites would enable a skilled photographic interpreter to distinguish [between Guernsey and Hereford cows grazing] in a meadow.
(A) between Guernsey and Hereford cows grazing
(B) between Guernseys and Hereford cows that graze
(C) among Guernseys and Hereford cows that are grazing
(D) among Guernsey and Hereford cows as they graze
(E) Guernseys from Hereford cows grazing
■ 解法のテクニック ■ ★Diction (between vs among) ★Parallelism
■ Gsc8-6 ■ 220216wed People concerned about telltale signs of age on the face should know that cigarette smoking seems to have two damaging effects: [it not only hastens wrinkling of the skin, and it also apparently interferes] with the healing process after a face lift.
(A) it not only hastens wrinkling of the skin, and it also apparently interferes
(B) it not only hastens the wrinkling of the skin, but it also appears that it interferes
(C) not only does it hasten the wrinkling of the skin as it also apparently interferes
(D) not only does it hasten the wrinkling of the skin, but it also appears to interfere
(E) not only is wrinkling of the skin hastened, but it appears to interfere
■ 解法のテクニック ■ ★Diction (not only-) ★Clarity
■ Gsc8-4 ■ 220209wed [The last years of Booker T. Washington, regarded to be the most influential Black leader of his time, were devoted] to building a political power base that extended far beyond the confines of the Tuskegee Institute.
(A) The last years of Booker T. Washington, regarded to be the most influential Black leader of his time, were devoted
(B) Regarded to be the most influential Black leader of his time, Booker T. Washington's last years were devoted
(C) Booker T. Washington, being regarded the most influential Black leader of his time, devoted his last years
(D) Being regarded as the most influential Black leader of his time, Booker T. Washington had devoted his last years
(E) Booker T. Washington, regarded as the most influential Black leader of his time, devoted his last years
■ 解法のテクニック ■ ★Diction ★Conciseness
■ Gsc8-3 ■ 220206sun Arguments against using children as courtroom witnesses are often predicated on the unproved assumption that children's memories are more malleable and less trustworthy than [adults].
(A) adults
(B) that of an adult
(C) an adult is
(D) those of adults
(E) adults are
■ 解法のテクニック ■ ★ Parallelism
■ Gsc8-2 ■ 220202wed Until recently, athletes who had received remuneration for any activity [that has a link to their athletic prowess is] barred from the Olympics.
(A) that has a link to their athletic prowess is
(B) with links to their athletic prowess has been
(C) linked to their athletic prowess was
(D) with a link to their athletic prowess is to be
(E) linked to their athletic prowess were
■ 解法のテクニック ■ ★ Agreement
■ Gsc8-1 ■ 220130sun Many American cities have been unsuccessful in their efforts [to move mental patients out of mammoth asylums and that treat] them in their local communities.
(A) to move mental patients out of mammoth asylums and that treat
(B) to move mental patients out of mammoth asylums and treat
(C) to move mental patients out-of mammoth asylums for treating
(D) which move mental patients out of mammoth asylums to treat
(E) moving mental patients out of mammoth asylums and that treat
■ 解法のテクニック ■ ★ Parallelism
■ Gsc7-39 ■ 220123sun India is a country with at least fifty major regional languages, [of whom fourteen have official recognition].
(A) of whom fourteen have official recognition
(B) fourteen that have official recognition
(C) fourteen of which are officially recognized
(D) fourteen that are officially recognized
(E) among whom fourteen have official recognition
■ 解法のテクニック ■ ★ Diction
■ Gsc7-37 ■ 220116sun The unskilled workers at the Allenby plant realized that their hourly rate of $4.11 to $4.75 was better than [many nearby factory wages].
(A) many nearby factory wages
(B) many wages in nearby factories
(C) what are offered by many nearby .
(D) it is in many nearby factories
(E) that offered by many nearby factories
■ 解法のテクニック ■ ★ Parallelism ★ Tense
■ Gsc7-36 ■ 220112wed In the traditional Japanese household, most clothing could be packed [flatly, and so it was not necessary to have elaborate closet facilities].
(A) flatly, and so it was not necessary to have elaborate closet facilities
(B) flat, and so elaborate closet facilities were unnecessary
(C) flatly, and so there was no necessity for elaborate closet facilities
(D) flat, there being no necessity for elaborate closet facilities
(E) flatly, as no elaborate closet facilities were necessary
■ 解法のテクニック ■ ★ Conciseness ★ Clarity
■ Gsc7-35 ■220109sun By installing special electric pumps, farmers' houses could be heated by the warmth from cows' milk, according to one agricultural engineer.
(A) farmers' houses could be heated by the warmth from cows' milk, according to one agricultural engineer
(B) the warmth from cows' milk could be used by farmers to heat their houses, according to one agricultural engineer
(C) one agricultural engineer reports that farmers could use the warmth from cows' milk to heat their houses
(D) farmers, according to one agricultural engineer, could use the warmth from cows' milk to heat their houses
(E) one agricultural engineer reports that farmers' houses could be heated by the warmth from cows' milk
■ 解法のテクニック ■ ★ Parallelism ★ Clarity
■ Gsc7-34 ■ 220105wed Originally published in 1950, Some Tame Gazelle was Barbara Pym's first novel, but it [does not read like an apprentice work].
(A) does not read like an apprentice work
(B) seems not to read as an apprentice work
(C) does not seem to read as an apprentice work would
(D) does not read like an apprentice work does
(E) reads unlike an apprentice work
■ 解法のテクニック ■ ★ Parallelism/ Diction ★ Clarity/
Conciseness
■ Gsc7-33 ■ 220102sun The medieval scholar made almost no attempt to investigate the anatomy of plants, their mechanisms of growth, [nor the ways where each was related to the other].
(A) nor the ways where each was related to the other
(B) nor how each was related to some other
(C) or the way where one is related to the next
(D) or the ways in which they are related to one another
(E) or the ways that each related to some other
■ 解法のテクニック ■ ★ Reference/ Misplaced Modifier ★ Parallelism/
Diction
■ Gsc7-32 ■ 211226sun To ensure consistently high quality in its merchandise, the chain of retail stores became involved in every aspect of [their suppliers' operations, dictating not only the number of stitches and the width of the hem in every garment as well as] the profit margins of those suppliers.
(A) their suppliers' operations, dictating not only the number of stitches and the width of the hem in every garment as well as
(B) its suppliers' operations, dictating not only the number of stitches and the width of the hem in every garment as well as
(C) their suppliers' operations, dictating not only the number of stitches and the width of the hem in every garment but also
(D) its suppliers' operations, dictating not only the number of stitches and the width of the hem in every garment but also
(E) their suppliers' operations, dictating the number of stitches, the width of the hem in every garment, and
■ 解法のテクニック ■ ★ Reference ★ Diction
■ Gsc7-31 ■ 211222wed In the most common procedure for harvesting forage crops such as alfalfa, as much as 20 percent of the leaf and small-stem material, [which is the most nutritious of all the parts of the plant, shattered and fell] to the ground.
(A) which is the most nutritious of all the parts of the plant, shattered and fell
(B) the most nutritious of all parts of the plant, shatter and fall
(C) the parts of the plant which were most nutritious, will shatter and fall
(D) the most nutritious parts of the plant, shatters and falls
(E) parts of the plant which are the most nutritious, have shattered and fallen
■ 解法のテクニック ■ ★ Singular/ Plural ★ Conciseness ★ Tense
■ Gsc7-30 ■ 211219sun For many people, household labor remains demanding [even if able to afford household appliances their grandparents would find a miracle].
(A) even if able to afford household appliances their grandparents would find a miracle
(B) despite being able to afford household appliances their grandparents would find a miracle
(C) even if they can afford household appliances their grandparents would have found miraculous
(D) although they could afford household appliances their grandparents would find miraculous
(E) even if they are able to afford household appliances which would have been a miracle to their grandparents
■ 解法のテクニック ■ ★ Dangling
Modifier
■ Gsc7-29 ■ 211215wed In the United States, trade unions encountered far more intense opposition [against their struggle for social legitimacy than] the organized labor movements of most other democratic nations.
(A) against their struggle for social legitimacy than
(B) in their struggle for social legitimacy than did
(C) against their struggle for social legitimacy as
(D) in their struggle for social legitimacy as did
(E) when they struggled for social legitimacy than has
■ 解法のテクニック ■ ★ Comparison/
Grammar
■ Gsc7-28 ■ 211212sun Some of the tenth-century stave churches of Norway are still [standing, demonstrating that with sound design and maintenance, wooden buildings can last indefinitely].
(A) standing, demonstrating that with sound design and maintenance, wooden buildings can last indefinitely
(B) standing, demonstrating how wooden buildings, when they have sound design and maintenance, can last indefinitely
(C) standing; they demonstrate if a wooden building has sound design and maintenance it can last indefinitely
(D) standing, and they demonstrate wooden buildings can last indefinitely when there is sound design and maintenance
(E) standing, and they demonstrate how a wooden building can last indefinitely when it has sound design and maintenance
■ 解法のテクニック ■ ★ Conciseness/ Grammar ★ Parallelism
■ Gsc7-27 ■ 211208wed Many investors base their choice between bonds and stocks on comparing bond yields to the dividends available on common stocks.
(A) between bonds and stocks on comparing bond yields to
(B) among bonds and stocks on comparisons of bond yields to
(C) between bonds and stocks on comparisons of bond yields with
(D) among bonds and stocks on comparing bond yields and
(E) between bonds and stocks on comparing bond yields with
■ 解法のテクニック ■ ★Clarity/ Grammar ★Diction:
compare A with B
■ Gsc7-26 ■ 211205sun There is ample evidence, derived from the lore of traditional folk medicine, that naturally occurring antibiotics [are usually able to be modified to make them a more effective drug].
(A) are usually able to be modified to make them a more effective drug
(B) are usually able to be modified to make them more effective drugs
(C) are usually able to be modified, which makes them more effective drugs
(D) can usually be modified to make them a more effective drug
(E) can usually be modified to make them more effective drugs
■ 解法のテクニック ■ ★Reference/ Grammar ★Redundancy
■ Gsc7-25 ■ 211201wed South Korea has witnessed the world's most dramatic growth of Christian congregations; church membership is expanding by 6.6 percent a year, fully two-thirds of the growth [coming from conversions rather than the population increasing].
(A) coming from conversions rather than the population increasing
(B) coming from conversions rather than increases in the population
(C) coming from conversions instead of the population's increasing
(D) is from conversions instead of population increases
(E) is from conversions rather than increasing the population
■ 解法のテクニック ■ ★Reference/ Grammar ★Clarity/
Conciseness
■ Gsc7-24 ■ 211128sun Developing nations in various parts of the world have amassed $700 billion in debts; at stake, [should a significant number of these debts be repudiated, is] the solvency of some of the world's largest multinational banks.
(A) should a significant number of these debts be repudiated, is
(B) should a significant number of these debts be repudiated, are
(C) should they repudiate a significant number of these debts, are
(D) if there is a repudiation of a significant number of these debts, would be
(E) if a significant number of these debts will be repudiated, is
■ 解法のテクニック ■ ★Inversion/ Grammar ★Tense
■ Gsc7-23 ■211124wed [Reared apart from each other, a recent United States study showed striking similarities in identical twins, including many idiosyncrasies of behavior].
(A) Reared apart from each other, a recent United States study showed striking similarities in identical twins, including many idiosyncrasies of behavior.
(B) Reared apart from each other, striking similarities between identical twins that include many idiosyncrasies of behavior were shown in a recent United States study.
(C) A recent United States study showed striking similarities in identical twins reared apart from each other that include many idiosyncrasies of behavior.
(D) According to a recent United States study, identical twins reared apart from each other showed striking similarities, including many idiosyncrasies of behavior.
(E) According to a recent United States study, identical twins showed striking similarities reared apart from each other, including many idiosyncrasies of behavior.
■ 解法のテクニック ■ ★Dangling Modifier ★Misplaced
Modifier
■ Gsc7-22 ■21121sun In England the well-dressed [gentleman of the eighteenth century protected their clothing while having their wig powdered by poking their head] through a device that resembled the stocks.
(A) gentleman of the eighteenth century protected their clothing while having their wig powdered by poking their head
(B) gentleman of the eighteenth century protected his clothing while having his wig powdered by poking his head
(C) gentleman of the eighteenth century protected their clothing while having their wigs powdered by poking their heads
(D) gentlemen of the eighteenth century protected his clothing while having his wig powdered by poking his head
(E) gentlemen of the eighteenth century protected their clothing while having his wig powdered by poking his head
■ 解法のテクニック ■ ★Agreement: Singular/Prural ★Reference
■ Gsc7-21 ■ 211114sun The sale of government surplus machinery [will begin at 9 a.m. and continue until the supply lasts].
(A) will begin at 9 a.m. and continue until the supply lasts
(B) begins at 9 a.m., continuing until the supply lasts
(C) will begin at 9 a.m. and, until the supply lasts, will continue
(D) begins at 9 a.m. and, as long as the supply may last, it continues
(E) will begin at 9 a.m. and continue as long as the supply lasts
■ 解法のテクニック ■ ★Redundancy ★Misplaced
Modifier
■ Gsc7-20 ■ 211110wed [Because there is not a linguistic census in France, as there is for Britain, there is difficulty in estimating] the number of speakers of Breton, a Celtic language.
(A) Because there is not a linguistic census in France, as there is for Britain, there is difficulty in estimating
(B) Because there is no linguistic census in France, unlike Britain, it is difficult to estimate
(C) Unlike Britain, there is no linguistic census in France, and that fact makes for difficulty in estimating
(D) There is not a linguistic census in France, as there is for Britain, a fact making for difficulty in the estimation of
(E) There is no linguistic census in France, as there is in Britain, a fact that makes it difficult to estimate
■ 解法のテクニック ■ ★ Conciseness ★ Parallelism
■ Gsc7-19 ■ 211103wed Demographic studies show that Hispanics in the United States have established communities in every region and in most large cities of the country but [that they have been so selective that half of them live in only] ten metropolitan areas.
(A) that they have been so selective that half of them live in only
(B) that they have been selective enough that half of them live in only
(C) that they are selective enough so that half of them live in only
(D) they are so selective that half of them live only in
(E) they have been selective enough so that half of them live only in
■ 解法のテクニック ■ ★ Diction: enough ★ Parallelism: and that
■ Gsc7-18 ■ 211031 In the field of infant learning, new technology has made [it possible to devise measurements that would a generation ago have been unable to be imagined].
(A) it possible to devise measurements that would a generation ago have been unable to be imagined
(B) it possible to devise measurements that would have been unimaginable a generation ago
(C) possible that one can devise measurements unimaginable a generation ago
(D) possible the devising of measurements that were not capable of being imagined a generation ago
(E) possible the devising of measurements that a generation ago would not have been able to be imagined
■ 解法のテクニック ■ ★ Diction/ Conciseness: able ★ Redundancy
■ Gsc7-17 ■ 211027wed In 1869, anxious to balance [its population of 8,000 men and 2,000 women, the Wyoming legislature] extended voting rights to women in Wyoming.
(A) its population of 8,000 men and 2,000 women, the Wyoming legislature
(B) their population of 8,000 men and 2,000 women, Wyoming's legislature
(C) the state's population of 8,000 men and 2,000 women, the Wyoming legislature
(D) a state population of 8,000 men with 2,000 women, the legislature in Wyoming
(E) its population of 8,000 men with 2,000 women, Wyoming's legislature
■ 解法のテクニック ■ ★ Reference ★ Parallelism
■ Gsc7-16 ■ 211024sun
Private pensions [are usually regarded as compensation for work performed by the employee and are therefore not subject to being withheld] to punish personal misconduct.
(A) are therefore not subject to being withheld
(B) the employee therefore is not subject to their being withheld
(C) they therefore are not subject to be withheld
(D) therefore they cannot withhold them
(E) therefore cannot be withheld
■ 解法のテクニック ■ ★ Diction: subject ★ Conciseness ★ Reference
■ Gsc7-15 ■ 211020wed [The breathing capacity of nonsmokers exposed to tobacco smoke on the Job has been found to be significantly less than nonsmokers working in smoke-free environments, although] unrestricted smoking at work is permitted by nearly 75 percent of all employers in the United States.
(A) The breathing capacity of nonsmokers exposed to tobacco smoke on the job has been found to be significantly less than nonsmokers working in smoke-free environments, although
(B) The breathing capacity of nonsmokers exposed to tobacco smoke on the job has been found significantly less than nonsmokers working in smoke-free environments, however
(C) Although the breathing capacity of nonsmokers exposed to tobacco smoke on the job has been found significantly less than that of nonsmokers working in smoke-free environments, however
(D) Although the breathing capacity of nonsmokers exposed to tobacco smoke on the job has been found to be significantly less than that of nonsmokers working in smoke-free environments,
(E) Although the breathing capacity of nonsmokers exposed to tobacco smoke on the job has been found to be significantly less than nonsmokers working in smoke-free environments,
■ 解法のテクニック ■ ★ Grammar/ Redundancy ★ Parallelism/ Comparison
■ Gsc7-14 ■ 211017sun The Neanderthals, once considered dull-witted brutes, are now known [to have had brains] fully as large as our own.
(A) to have had brains
(B) as having brains that are
(C) to have brains that were
(D) that their brains were
(E) that they had brains that were
■ 解法のテクニック ■ ★ Diction: known ★ Tense: to---
■ Gsc7-13 ■211013wed In the human female, an entire lifetime's supply of egg cells [are produced during fetal development and remain] dormant until puberty, where upon one egg is activated each month.
(A) are produced during fetal development and remain
(B) are produced while the fetus develops, and these cells remain
(C) are produced during fetal development; they remain
(D) is produced during fetal development, and these cells remain
(E) is produced while the fetus develops and remains
■ 解法のテクニック ■ ★Grammar: Singular/ Plural ★Ambiguous
Modifier
■ Gsc7-12 ■ 211017sun [The first balloon passengers were a sheep, a duck, and a rooster that were ascended] from Versailles, France, in a basket beneath a hot-air balloon in September 1783.
(A) The first balloon passengers were a sheep, a duck, and a rooster that were ascended
(B) The first balloon passengers were a sheep, a duck, and a rooster that ascended
(C) A sheep, a duck, and a rooster were the first balloon passengers that ascended
(D) A sheep, a duck, and a rooster that were the first balloon passengers to ascend
(E) A sheep, a duck, and a rooster were the first balloon passengers ascending
■ 解法のテクニック ■ ★Grammar ★Clarity/Conciseness
■ Gsc7-11 ■ 211006wed The medical profession is not in agreement about how to treat snakebites; physicians are [unsure about how much antiserum to use, and there is controversy over] the relative merits of surgery and antivenins.
(A) unsure about how much antiserum to use, and there is controversy over
(B) not sure how much antiserum they should use and have a controversy about
(C) unsure how much antiserum they should use, and they have controversy about
(D) not sure as to how much antiserum they should be using, and there is a controversy over
(E) unsure about how much antiserum should be used, and they have a controversy as to what is
■ 解法のテクニック ■ ★Diction: unsure/ controversy ★Conciseness
■ Gsc7-10 ■ 211003sun
[The rate of increase in the number of Black elected officials nationwide was greater last year than in] any other year since 1975, and the rate of increase for Black women elected to office was especially high.
(A) The rate of increase in the number of Black elected officials nationwide was greater last year than in
(B) The increased rate in the number of Black elected officials nationwide was greater last year than in
(C) The rate of increase in the number of Black elected officials was greater nationwide last year than
(D) The number of Black elected officials nationwide increased at a rate that was greater last year than
(E) Nationwide, the rate at which the number of Black elected officials increased last year was greater than
■ 解法のテクニック ■ ★ Comparison: more than any other
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