■GMAT sc 正解と解法のテクニック■

参考：The Elements of Style　（解法に必要なほぼすべての鍵は、この1918年発行の小冊子にあります。大切なのは、その適用力です）


■ 本気にやりたい方は→GMAT 7 Week's Wonder

■ Gsc8-38 ■ 220504wed

 [In London that afforded its playwrights only two theaters], Aphra Behn, by 1687, had had 17 of her plays staged in as many years.

(A) In London that afforded its playwrights only two theaters,

(B) In a London that afforded its playwrights only two theaters,

(C) Even though London's playwrights only were afforded two theaters

(D) Only two theaters were afforded by London to its playwrights, and

(E) Two theaters only were afforded by London for its playwrights, and

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★ Trick: 固有名詞London

★ Conciseness/ Clarity

■ Gsc8-38 ■ 220504wed

 [In London that afforded its playwrights only two theaters], Aphra Behn, by 1687, had had 17 of her plays staged in as many years.

(A) In London that afforded its playwrights only two theaters,

(B) In a London that afforded its playwrights only two theaters,

(C) Even though London's playwrights only were afforded two theaters

(D) Only two theaters were afforded by London to its playwrights, and

(E) Two theaters only were afforded by London for its playwrights, and

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★ Trick: 固有名詞London

★ Conciseness/ Clarity

■ Gsc8-39 ■ 220508sun

Used primarily in the past to store, retrieve, and manipulate data, [computers at the Federal Bureau of Investigation are now being asked to make judgments and for suggesting] courses of action for agents to pursue.

(A) computers at the Federal Bureau of Investigation are now being asked to make judgments and for suggesting

(B) computers at the Federal Bureau of Investigation are now being asked to make judgments and suggest

(C) the Federal Bureau of Investigation is now asking computers to make judgments and for suggesting

(D) the Federal Bureau of Investigation is now asking that computers make judgments and suggest

(E) the Federal Bureau of Investigation is now asking computers for judgments and suggestions for

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★ Dangling Modifier

★ Parallelism

■ Gsc8-38 ■ 220504wed

 [In London that afforded its playwrights only two theaters], Aphra Behn, by 1687, had had 17 of her plays staged in as many years.

(A) In London that afforded its playwrights only two theaters,

(B) In a London that afforded its playwrights only two theaters,

(C) Even though London's playwrights only were afforded two theaters

(D) Only two theaters were afforded by London to its playwrights, and

(E) Two theaters only were afforded by London for its playwrights, and

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★ Trick: 固有名詞London

★ Conciseness/ Clarity

■ Gsc8-37 ■ 220501sun

 Many companies in the pollution-control industry, which [until a few years ago has prospered on account of a national concern for environmental controls, has] recently experienced sharp drops in sales and profits.

(A) until a few years ago has prospered on account of a national concern for environmental controls, has

(B) up until a few years ago, when prospering on account of a national concern for environmental controls, have

(C) until a few years ago was prospering because of a national concern for environmental controls, have

(D) up until a few years ago have prospered because of a national concern for environmental controls, has

(E) until a few years ago had prospered because of a national concern for environmental controls, has

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★ Agreement: Singular/ Plural

★ Conciseness

■ Gsc8-36 ■ 220427wed

American Indians point out that they are not one body: they speak hundreds of different languages, and they are probably more different [from one another than people who live in various European capitals].

(A) from one another than people who live in various European capitals

(B) from one another than are people who live in the various capitals of Europe

(C) each from the others than people living in various European capitals

(D) than people who live in various capitals of Europe from each other

(E) from each other as people living in the various capitals of Europe

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★ Parallelism ( more )

★ Diction ( different )

■ Gsc8-35 ■ 220425sun

For over forty years Carleen Maley Hutchins has painstakingly analyzed the acoustical secrets of the best violins and [builds instruments for testing] her findings.

(A) builds instruments for testing

(B) has built instruments as tests for

(C) built instruments to test

(D) will build instruments that test

(E) would build instruments in testing

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★ Parallelism ( and)

★ Conciseness

■ Gsc8-33 ■ 220417sun

 [Eight years after they were saved from bankruptcy a sudden turnaround, the Senay Corporation is] again encountering sluggish sales, mounting competition, and deep losses.

(A) Eight years after they were saved from bankruptcy by a sudden turnaround, the Senay Corporation is

(B) Eight years before the Senay Corporation was saved from bankruptcy by a sudden turnaround, now they are

(C) After a sudden turnaround had saved them from bankruptcy eight years before, the Senay Corporation is

(D) Eight years after a sudden turnaround saved it from bankruptcy, the Senay Corporation is

(E) After the Senay Corporation had been saved from bankruptcy eight years before by a sudden turnaround, it is

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★ Reference: they

★ Grammar

★ Tense

■ Gsc8-32 ■ 220413wed

In the 1890's workers were drawn to Miami from the Bahamas by the promise [of the resort hotels that would have work for them].

(A) of the resort hotels that would have work for them

(B) of there being work for them in the resort hotels

(C) of work in the resort hotels

(D) for working in the resort hotels

(E) to have work in the resort hotels

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★ Diction: promise

■ Gsc8-31 ■ 220410sun

William Sydney Porter, who began writing while he was in prison for embezzlement, [was seeking anonymity when he chose] the pseudonym O. Henry.

(A) was seeking anonymity when he chose

(B) was seeking that he might be anonymous when he chose

(C) was seeking for anonymity and therefore chose

(D) sought anonymity in the choosing of

(E) sought to be anonymous in that he chose

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★ Conciseness

★ Clarity

■ Gsc8-20 ■ 22046wed

 A natural response of communities devastated by earthquake or flood is to rebuild on the same site, [overlooking the possibility that the forces that caused it could be repeated].

(A) overlooking the possibility that the forces that caused it could be repeated

(B) overlooking the possibility that the forces causing it could be repeated

(C) overlooking that the forces that caused the disaster could also cause another one

(D) without considering that the forces causing the disaster could be repeated

(E) without considering that the forces that caused the disaster could also cause another such disaster

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★ Reference: it

★ Clarity

■ Gsc8-19 ■ 220403wed

Unlike their close cousins the blue jays, which demonstrate raucous, aggressive, selfish, and very individualistic habits,[ the behavior of the Mexican jay has been found to be] quiet, cooperative, communal, and even altruistic.

(A) the behavior of the Mexican jay has been found to be

(B) the Mexican jay's behavior has been found

(C) it has been found that Mexican jays are

(D) Mexican jays have been found to be

(E) the Mexican jay has been found

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★ Agreement

★ Diction/ Parallelism ( unlike )

■ Gsc8-18 ■ 220330wed

 A "standard candle" is a light source whose intrinsic luminosity is [so well known that the extent to which its brightness has been dimmed by distance can] be used as an astronomical yardstick.

(A) so well known that the extent to which its brightness has been dimmed by distance can

(B) so well known that the extent of its brightness that is dimmed by distance can

(C) sufficiently well known so that the extent that distance has dimmed its brightness can

(D) sufficiently well known for the extent of its brightness that has been dimmed by distance to

(E) sufficiently well known for the extent that distance has dimmed its brightness to

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★ Diction ( so-that)

★ Diction ( extent)

■ Gsc8-17 ■  220327sun

 [When deprived of carbohydrates, its preferred fuel, the body is forced to burn fats and protein for energy, thus causing] the formation of fatigue inducing toxins.

(A) When deprived of carbohydrates, its preferred fuel, the body is forced to burn fats and protein for energy, thus causing

(B) When deprived of carbohydrates, which are the body's preferred fuel, it is thus forced to burn fats and protein for energy, which causes

(C) When deprived of its preferred fuel, which are carbohydrates, the body is forced to burn fats and protein for energy, and thus causes

(D) The body is forced to burn fats and protein for energy when deprived of carbohydrates, its preferred fuel, which thus causes

(E) The body's preferred fuel is carbohydrates, and when deprived of them it is thus forced to burn fats and protein for energy, causing

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★ Reference

■ Gsc8-16 ■ 220323wed

Born Janet Miriam Taylor Caldwell near Manchester, England, on September 7, 1900, [her family moved to the United States when the future author was six].

(A) her family moved to the United States when the future author was six

(B) her family then moved, when the future author was six, to the United States

(C) her family, when the future author was six, then moved to the United States

(D) when the future author was age six, her family moved to the United States

(E) the future author moved with her family to the United States at age six

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★Dangling Modifier

■ Gsc8-15 ■ 220320sun

The Parthenon is larger than [usual] for a Doric temple, with eight columns on the short sides and

seventeen on the long ones rather than the typical six and thirteen.

(A) usual

(B) is usual

(C) has been usual

(D) one usually is

(E) it is usual

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★ Diction : usual

■ Gsc8-13 220313sun

Black History Month is observed in February, the month of Lincoln's birthday and the generally accepted month of Frederick Douglass' birth, [since they were each] primary figures in the abolition of slavery.

(A) since they were each

(B) who were both

(C) because both men were

(D) both of whom were

(E) each of whom was one of the

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★ Reference

■ Gsc8-12 220309wed

 A pattern of accidents, of personnel problems, and of low performance ratings for mechanical systems [have marked the servicing and maintaining] of the new power plant.

(A) have marked the servicing and maintaining

(B) have marked the servicing and maintenance

(C) have marked the service and maintenance

(D) has marked the service and maintaining

(E) has marked the servicing and maintenance

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★Agreement

■ Gsc8-11 ■  220306sun

Some surveys on the use of graphics in business presentations indicate that proposals incorporating graphics stand [a twenty percent better chance of being approved than proposals] without graphics.

(A) a twenty percent better chance of being approved than proposals

(B) a twenty percent better chance of approval in comparison with those

(C) a likelihood they will be approved twenty percent greater than those

(D) a twenty percent greater likelihood of approval as compared to proposals

(E) twenty percent more likelihood of being approved than do those

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★Comparison

■ Gsc8-10 ■ 220302wed

 [Sharply fewer ducks are expected to migrate south this fall and may be] the lowest figure on record according to United States and Canadian wildlife experts.

(A) Sharply fewer ducks are expected to migrate south this fall and may be

(B) It is expected that sharply fewer ducks will migrate south this fall and will perhaps be

(C) The ducks expected to migrate south this fall will be sharply reduced, perhaps to

(D) The number of ducks that will migrate south this fall is expected to drop sharply, perhaps to

(E) A sharp drop is expected in the number of ducks that will migrate south this fall, which may be

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★Diction

★Redundancy

■ Gsc8-8 ■ 220223wed

A report by the American Medical Association indicates that a surge in the number of malpractice suits began about ten years ago and [efforts to contain it since then had been only partially successful].

(A) efforts to contain it since then had been only partially successful

(B) efforts since then to contain it were only successful in part

(c) that efforts since then to contain it have been only partially successful

(D) that efforts to contain it since then only have been partially successful

(E) that efforts to contain it since then were only successful in part

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★Tense

★Misplaced Modifier

■ Gsc8-7 ■ 220220sun

 A former director of the Central Intelligence Agency has said that the surveillance capabilities of United States satellites would enable a skilled photographic interpreter to distinguish [between Guernsey and Hereford cows grazing] in a meadow.

(A) between Guernsey and Hereford cows grazing

(B) between Guernseys and Hereford cows that graze

(C) among Guernseys and Hereford cows that are grazing

(D) among Guernsey and Hereford cows as they graze

(E) Guernseys from Hereford cows grazing

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★Diction (between vs among)

★Parallelism

■ Gsc8-6 ■ 220216wed

 People concerned about telltale signs of age on the face should know that cigarette smoking seems to have two damaging effects: [it not only hastens wrinkling of the skin, and it also apparently interferes] with the healing process after a face lift.

(A) it not only hastens wrinkling of the skin, and it also apparently interferes

(B) it not only hastens the wrinkling of the skin, but it also appears that it interferes

(C) not only does it hasten the wrinkling of the skin as it also apparently interferes

(D) not only does it hasten the wrinkling of the skin, but it also appears to interfere

(E) not only is wrinkling of the skin hastened, but it appears to interfere

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★Diction (not only-)

★Clarity

■ Gsc8-4 ■ 220209wed

[The last years of Booker T. Washington, regarded to be the most influential Black leader of his time, were devoted] to building a political power base that extended far beyond the confines of the Tuskegee Institute.

(A) The last years of Booker T. Washington, regarded to be the most influential Black leader of his time, were devoted

(B) Regarded to be the most influential Black leader of his time, Booker T. Washington's last years were devoted

(C) Booker T. Washington, being regarded the most influential Black leader of his time, devoted his last years

(D) Being regarded as the most influential Black leader of his time, Booker T. Washington had devoted his last years

(E) Booker T. Washington, regarded as the most influential Black leader of his time, devoted his last years

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★Diction

★Conciseness

■ Gsc8-3 ■ 220206sun

Arguments against using children as courtroom witnesses are often predicated on the unproved assumption that children's memories are more malleable and less trustworthy than [adults].

(A) adults

(B) that of an adult

(C) an adult is

(D) those of adults

(E) adults are

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★ Parallelism

■ Gsc8-2 ■ 220202wed

Until recently, athletes who had received remuneration for any activity [that has a link to their athletic prowess is] barred from the Olympics.

(A) that has a link to their athletic prowess is

(B) with links to their athletic prowess has been

(C) linked to their athletic prowess was

(D) with a link to their athletic prowess is to be

(E) linked to their athletic prowess were

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★ Agreement

■ Gsc8-1 ■ 220130sun

Many American cities have been unsuccessful in their efforts [to move mental patients out of mammoth asylums and that treat] them in their local communities.

(A) to move mental patients out of mammoth asylums and that treat

(B) to move mental patients out of mammoth asylums and treat

(C) to move mental patients out-of mammoth asylums for treating

(D) which move mental patients out of mammoth asylums to treat

(E) moving mental patients out of mammoth asylums and that treat

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★ Parallelism

■ Gsc7-39 ■ 220123sun

India is a country with at least fifty major regional languages, [of whom fourteen have official recognition].

(A) of whom fourteen have official recognition

(B) fourteen that have official recognition

(C) fourteen of which are officially recognized

(D) fourteen that are officially recognized

(E) among whom fourteen have official recognition

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★ Diction

■ Gsc7-37 ■ 220116sun

The unskilled workers at the Allenby plant realized that their hourly rate of $4.11 to $4.75 was better than [many nearby factory wages].

(A) many nearby factory wages

(B) many wages in nearby factories

(C) what are offered by many nearby .

(D) it is in many nearby factories

(E) that offered by many nearby factories

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★ Parallelism

★ Tense

■ Gsc7-36 ■ 220112wed

In the traditional Japanese household, most clothing could be packed [flatly, and so it was not necessary to have elaborate closet facilities].

(A) flatly, and so it was not necessary to have elaborate closet facilities

(B) flat, and so elaborate closet facilities were unnecessary

(C) flatly, and so there was no necessity for elaborate closet facilities

(D) flat, there being no necessity for elaborate closet facilities

(E) flatly, as no elaborate closet facilities were necessary

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★ Conciseness

★ Clarity

■ Gsc7-35 ■220109sun

By installing special electric pumps, farmers' houses could be heated by the warmth from cows' milk, according to one agricultural engineer.

(A) farmers' houses could be heated by the warmth from cows' milk, according to one agricultural engineer

(B) the warmth from cows' milk could be used by farmers to heat their houses, according to one agricultural engineer

(C) one agricultural engineer reports that farmers could use the warmth from cows' milk to heat their houses

(D) farmers, according to one agricultural engineer, could use the warmth from cows' milk to heat their houses

(E) one agricultural engineer reports that farmers' houses could be heated by the warmth from cows' milk

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★ Parallelism

★ Clarity

■ Gsc7-34 ■ 220105wed

Originally published in 1950, Some Tame Gazelle was Barbara Pym's first novel, but it [does not read like an apprentice work].

(A) does not read like an apprentice work

(B) seems not to read as an apprentice work

(C) does not seem to read as an apprentice work would

(D) does not read like an apprentice work does

(E) reads unlike an apprentice work

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★ Parallelism/ Diction

★ Clarity/ Conciseness

■ Gsc7-33 ■ 220102sun

The medieval scholar made almost no attempt to investigate the anatomy of plants, their mechanisms of growth, [nor the ways where each was related to the other].

(A) nor the ways where each was related to the other

(B) nor how each was related to some other

(C) or the way where one is related to the next

(D) or the ways in which they are related to one another

(E) or the ways that each related to some other

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★ Reference/ Misplaced Modifier

★ Parallelism/ Diction

■ Gsc7-32 ■ 211226sun

To ensure consistently high quality in its merchandise, the chain of retail stores became involved in every aspect of [their suppliers' operations, dictating not only the number of stitches and the width of the hem in every garment as well as] the profit margins of those suppliers.

(A) their suppliers' operations, dictating not only the number of stitches and the width of the hem in every garment as well as

(B) its suppliers' operations, dictating not only the number of stitches and the width of the hem in every garment as well as

(C) their suppliers' operations, dictating not only the number of stitches and the width of the hem in every garment but also

(D) its suppliers' operations, dictating not only the number of stitches and the width of the hem in every garment but also

(E) their suppliers' operations, dictating the number of stitches, the width of the hem in every garment, and

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★ Reference

★ Diction

■ Gsc7-31 ■ 211222wed

In the most common procedure for harvesting forage crops such as alfalfa, as much as 20 percent of the leaf and small-stem material, [which is the most nutritious of all the parts of the plant, shattered and fell] to the ground.

(A) which is the most nutritious of all the parts of the plant, shattered and fell

(B) the most nutritious of all parts of the plant, shatter and fall

(C) the parts of the plant which were most nutritious, will shatter and fall

(D) the most nutritious parts of the plant, shatters and falls

(E) parts of the plant which are the most nutritious, have shattered and fallen

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★ Singular/ Plural

★ Conciseness

★ Tense

■ Gsc7-30 ■ 211219sun

For many people, household labor remains demanding [even if able to afford household appliances their grandparents would find a miracle].

(A) even if able to afford household appliances their grandparents would find a miracle

(B) despite being able to afford household appliances their grandparents would find a miracle

(C) even if they can afford household appliances their grandparents would have found miraculous

(D) although they could afford household appliances their grandparents would find miraculous

(E) even if they are able to afford household appliances which would have been a miracle to their grandparents

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★ Dangling Modifier

■ Gsc7-29 ■ 211215wed

In the United States, trade unions encountered far more intense opposition [against their struggle for social legitimacy than] the organized labor movements of most other democratic nations.

(A) against their struggle for social legitimacy than

(B) in their struggle for social legitimacy than did

(C) against their struggle for social legitimacy as

(D) in their struggle for social legitimacy as did

(E) when they struggled for social legitimacy than has

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★ Comparison/ Grammar

■ Gsc7-28 ■ 211212sun

Some of the tenth-century stave churches of Norway are still [standing, demonstrating that with sound design and maintenance, wooden buildings can last indefinitely].

(A) standing, demonstrating that with sound design and maintenance, wooden buildings can last indefinitely

(B) standing, demonstrating how wooden buildings, when they have sound design and maintenance, can last indefinitely

(C) standing; they demonstrate if a wooden building has sound design and maintenance it can last indefinitely

(D) standing, and they demonstrate wooden buildings can last indefinitely when there is sound design and maintenance

(E) standing, and they demonstrate how a wooden building can last indefinitely when it has sound design and maintenance

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★ Conciseness/ Grammar

★ Parallelism

■ Gsc7-27 ■  211208wed

Many investors base their choice between bonds and stocks on comparing bond yields to the dividends available on common stocks.

(A) between bonds and stocks on comparing bond yields to

(B) among bonds and stocks on comparisons of bond yields to

(C) between bonds and stocks on comparisons of bond yields with

(D) among bonds and stocks on comparing bond yields and

(E) between bonds and stocks on comparing bond yields with

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★Clarity/ Grammar

★Diction: compare A with B

■ Gsc7-26 ■ 211205sun

There is ample evidence, derived from the lore of traditional folk medicine, that naturally occurring antibiotics [are usually able to be modified to make them a more effective drug].

(A) are usually able to be modified to make them a more effective drug

(B) are usually able to be modified to make them more effective drugs

(C) are usually able to be modified, which makes them more effective drugs

(D) can usually be modified to make them a more effective drug

(E) can usually be modified to make them more effective drugs

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★Reference/ Grammar

★Redundancy

■ Gsc7-25 ■ 211201wed

South Korea has witnessed the world's most dramatic growth of Christian congregations; church membership is expanding by 6.6 percent a year, fully two-thirds of the growth [coming from conversions rather than the population increasing].

(A) coming from conversions rather than the population increasing

(B) coming from conversions rather than increases in the population

(C) coming from conversions instead of the population's increasing

(D) is from conversions instead of population increases

(E) is from conversions rather than increasing the population

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★Reference/ Grammar

★Clarity/ Conciseness

■ Gsc7-24 ■ 211128sun

Developing nations in various parts of the world have amassed $700 billion in debts; at stake, [should a significant number of these debts be repudiated, is] the solvency of some of the world's largest multinational banks.

(A) should a significant number of these debts be repudiated, is

(B) should a significant number of these debts be repudiated, are

(C) should they repudiate a significant number of these debts, are

(D) if there is a repudiation of a significant number of these debts, would be

(E) if a significant number of these debts will be repudiated, is

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★Inversion/ Grammar

★Tense

■ Gsc7-23 ■211124wed

[Reared apart from each other, a recent United States study showed striking similarities in identical twins, including many idiosyncrasies of behavior].

(A) Reared apart from each other, a recent United States study showed striking similarities in identical twins, including many idiosyncrasies of behavior.

(B) Reared apart from each other, striking similarities between identical twins that include many idiosyncrasies of behavior were shown in a recent United States study.

(C) A recent United States study showed striking similarities in identical twins reared apart from each other that include many idiosyncrasies of behavior.

(D) According to a recent United States study, identical twins reared apart from each other showed striking similarities, including many idiosyncrasies of behavior.

(E) According to a recent United States study, identical twins showed striking similarities reared apart from each other, including many idiosyncrasies of behavior.

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★Dangling Modifier

★Misplaced Modifier

■ Gsc7-22 ■21121sun

In England the well-dressed [gentleman of the eighteenth century protected their clothing while having their wig powdered by poking their head] through a device that resembled the stocks.

(A) gentleman of the eighteenth century protected their clothing while having their wig powdered by poking their head

(B) gentleman of the eighteenth century protected his clothing while having his wig powdered by poking his head

(C) gentleman of the eighteenth century protected their clothing while having their wigs powdered by poking their heads

(D) gentlemen of the eighteenth century protected his clothing while having his wig powdered by poking his head

(E) gentlemen of the eighteenth century protected their clothing while having his wig powdered by poking his head

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★Agreement: Singular/Prural

★Reference

■ Gsc7-21 ■ 211114sun

The sale of government surplus machinery [will begin at 9 a.m. and continue until the supply lasts].

(A) will begin at 9 a.m. and continue until the supply lasts

(B) begins at 9 a.m., continuing until the supply lasts

(C) will begin at 9 a.m. and, until the supply lasts, will continue

(D) begins at 9 a.m. and, as long as the supply may last, it continues

(E) will begin at 9 a.m. and continue as long as the supply lasts

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★Redundancy

★Misplaced Modifier

■ Gsc7-20 ■ 211110wed

[Because there is not a linguistic census in France, as there is for Britain, there is difficulty in estimating] the number of speakers of Breton, a Celtic language.

(A) Because there is not a linguistic census in France, as there is for Britain, there is difficulty in estimating

(B) Because there is no linguistic census in France, unlike Britain, it is difficult to estimate

(C) Unlike Britain, there is no linguistic census in France, and that fact makes for difficulty in estimating

(D) There is not a linguistic census in France, as there is for Britain, a fact making for difficulty in the estimation of

(E) There is no linguistic census in France, as there is in Britain, a fact that makes it difficult to estimate

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★ Conciseness

★ Parallelism

■ Gsc7-19 ■ 211103wed

Demographic studies show that Hispanics in the United States have established communities in every region and in most large cities of the country but [that they have been so selective that half of them live in only] ten metropolitan areas.

(A) that they have been so selective that half of them live in only

(B) that they have been selective enough that half of them live in only

(C) that they are selective enough so that half of them live in only

(D) they are so selective that half of them live only in

(E) they have been selective enough so that half of them live only in

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★ Diction: enough

★ Parallelism: and that

■ Gsc7-18 ■ 211031

In the field of infant learning, new technology has made [it possible to devise measurements that would a generation ago have been unable to be imagined].

(A) it possible to devise measurements that would a generation ago have been unable to be imagined

(B) it possible to devise measurements that would have been unimaginable a generation ago

(C) possible that one can devise measurements unimaginable a generation ago

(D) possible the devising of measurements that were not capable of being imagined a generation ago

(E) possible the devising of measurements that a generation ago would not have been able to be imagined

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★ Diction/ Conciseness: able

★ Redundancy

■ Gsc7-17 ■  211027wed

In 1869, anxious to balance [its population of 8,000 men and 2,000 women, the Wyoming legislature] extended voting rights to women in Wyoming.

(A) its population of 8,000 men and 2,000 women, the Wyoming legislature

(B) their population of 8,000 men and 2,000 women, Wyoming's legislature

(C) the state's population of 8,000 men and 2,000 women, the Wyoming legislature

(D) a state population of 8,000 men with 2,000 women, the legislature in Wyoming

(E) its population of 8,000 men with 2,000 women, Wyoming's legislature

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★ Reference

★ Parallelism

■ Gsc7-16 ■  211024sun

Private pensions [are usually regarded as compensation for work performed by the employee and are therefore not subject to being withheld] to punish personal misconduct.

(A) are therefore not subject to being withheld

(B) the employee therefore is not subject to their being withheld

(C) they therefore are not subject to be withheld

(D) therefore they cannot withhold them

(E) therefore cannot be withheld

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★ Diction: subject

★ Conciseness

★ Reference

■ Gsc7-15 ■  211020wed

[The breathing capacity of nonsmokers exposed to tobacco smoke on the Job has been found to be significantly less than nonsmokers working in smoke-free environments, although] unrestricted smoking at work is permitted by nearly 75 percent of all employers in the United States.

(A) The breathing capacity of nonsmokers exposed to tobacco smoke on the job has been found to be significantly less than nonsmokers working in smoke-free environments, although

(B) The breathing capacity of nonsmokers exposed to tobacco smoke on the job has been found significantly less than nonsmokers working in smoke-free environments, however

(C) Although the breathing capacity of nonsmokers exposed to tobacco smoke on the job has been found significantly less than that of nonsmokers working in smoke-free environments, however

(D) Although the breathing capacity of nonsmokers exposed to tobacco smoke on the job has been found to be significantly less than that of nonsmokers working in smoke-free environments,

(E) Although the breathing capacity of nonsmokers exposed to tobacco smoke on the job has been found to be significantly less than nonsmokers working in smoke-free environments,

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★ Grammar/ Redundancy

★ Parallelism/ Comparison

■ Gsc7-14 ■  211017sun

The Neanderthals, once considered dull-witted brutes, are now known [to have had brains] fully as large as our own.

(A) to have had brains

(B) as having brains that are

(C) to have brains that were

(D) that their brains were

(E) that they had brains that were

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★ Diction: known

★ Tense: to---

■ Gsc7-13 ■211013wed

In the human female, an entire lifetime's supply of egg cells [are produced during fetal development and remain] dormant until puberty, where upon one egg is activated each month.

(A) are produced during fetal development and remain

(B) are produced while the fetus develops, and these cells remain

(C) are produced during fetal development; they remain

(D) is produced during fetal development, and these cells remain

(E) is produced while the fetus develops and remains

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★Grammar: Singular/ Plural

★Ambiguous Modifier

■ Gsc7-12 ■ 211017sun

[The first balloon passengers were a sheep, a duck, and a rooster that were ascended] from Versailles, France, in a basket beneath a hot-air balloon in September 1783.

(A) The first balloon passengers were a sheep, a duck, and a rooster that were ascended

(B) The first balloon passengers were a sheep, a duck, and a rooster that ascended

(C) A sheep, a duck, and a rooster were the first balloon passengers that ascended

(D) A sheep, a duck, and a rooster that were the first balloon passengers to ascend

(E) A sheep, a duck, and a rooster were the first balloon passengers ascending

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★Grammar

★Clarity/Conciseness

■ Gsc7-11 ■ 211006wed

The medical profession is not in agreement about how to treat snakebites; physicians are [unsure about how much antiserum to use, and there is controversy over] the relative merits of surgery and antivenins.

(A) unsure about how much antiserum to use, and there is controversy over

(B) not sure how much antiserum they should use and have a controversy about

(C) unsure how much antiserum they should use, and they have controversy about

(D) not sure as to how much antiserum they should be using, and there is a controversy over

(E) unsure about how much antiserum should be used, and they have a controversy as to what is

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★Diction: unsure/ controversy

★Conciseness

■ Gsc7-10 ■ 211003sun

[The rate of increase in the number of Black elected officials nationwide was greater last year than in] any other year since 1975, and the rate of increase for Black women elected to office was especially high.

(A) The rate of increase in the number of Black elected officials nationwide was greater last year than in

(B) The increased rate in the number of Black elected officials nationwide was greater last year than in

(C) The rate of increase in the number of Black elected officials was greater nationwide last year than

(D) The number of Black elected officials nationwide increased at a rate that was greater last year than

(E) Nationwide, the rate at which the number of Black elected officials increased last year was greater than

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★ Comparison: more than any other

■ Gsc7-9 ■  210929wed

[A new formula is being considered by Congress for the financing of federal assistance to mass transit, which, if they approve], could sharply decrease state subsides.

(A) A new formula is being considered by Congress for the financing of federal assistance to mass transit, which, if they approve

(B) Congress is considering a new formula for the financing of federal assistance to mass transit, which, if they approve

(C) Congress is considering a new formula for the financing of federal assistance to mass transit, a formula that, if there is approval

(D) Congress is considering a new formula for the financing of federal assistance to mass transit, a formula that, if approved

(E) A new formula being considered by Congress for the financing of federal assistance to mass transit, if it is approved

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★ Clarity/ Conciseness: passive<active

★ Reference

★ Misplaced Modifier

■ Gsc7-8 ■ 210925sun

Monumental figurative structures such as the Great Serpent Mound of Adams County, Ohio, [show the supreme ability the Plains peoples had to capture the] grace and beauty on a massive scale.

(A) show the supreme ability the Plains peoples had to capture the

(B) show the supreme ability of the Plains peoples to capture

(C) show the Plains peoples' ability to capture supremely the

(D) shows the supreme ability the Plains peoples had in capturing

(E) shows the Plains peoples' supreme ability to capture

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★ Singular/ Plural

★ Diction: ability

■ Gsc7-7 ■ 210920wed

Between 1970 and 1979 the value of the manufactured goods brought into the United States each year rose from [fewer than four billion dollars to that of almost] thirty billion.

(A) fewer than four billion dollars to that of almost

(B) as few as four billion dollars to that of almost

(C) fewer than four billion dollars to almost

(D) less than four billion dollars almost up to

(E) less than four billion dollars to almost

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★ Singular/ Plural: (few/less系）

★ Redundancy

■ Gsc7-6 ■  210919sun

Helen's mother was recovering at the hospital [when she suffered a second fatal attack].

(A) when she suffered a second fatal attack

(B) but then suffered a second fatal attack

(C) when she suffered a second and fatal attack

(D) and then suffered a second fatal attack

(E) when a second fatal attack was suffered

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★ Redundancy: 論理矛盾

■ Gsc7-4 ■ 210912sun

Some consultants advise that allowing employees to voice their opinions to employers in periodic meetings can [result in greater awareness, better understanding, and confirmed or allayed] fears.

(A) result in greater awareness, better understanding, and confirmed or allayed

(B) result in greater awareness, a better understanding, and confirm or allay

(C) promote greater awareness, a better understanding, and confirmation or allaying of

(D) bring about increased awareness, better understanding, and confirm or allay

(E) increase awareness, improve understanding, and confirm or allay

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★ Parallelism:(A, B, and C)

★ Clarity

When first introduced into North America, the tomato was regarded that it was poisonous and was planted only as an ornament.

(A) regarded that it was poisonous

(B) considered to be poison

(C) regarded as being poison

(D) considered poisonous

(E) regarded to be poisonous

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★ Diction: consider

■ Gsc7-3 ■ 210908wed

When first introduced into North America, the tomato was regarded that it was poisonous and was planted only as an ornament.

(A) regarded that it was poisonous

(B) considered to be poison

(C) regarded as being poison

(D) considered poisonous

(E) regarded to be poisonous

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★ Diction: consider

■ Gsc7-2 ■ 210905sun

[Like so many of Henry James's characters], Forster's heroes realize their provincial limitations and awaken to the possibility of a new life only when they venture abroad.

(A) Like so many of Henry James's characters

(B) Similar to Henry James

(C) Like so much of Henry James

(D) Similar with Henry James's characters

(E) Like so many of Henry James

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★ Parallelism: like

■ Gsc7-1 ■ 210901wed

[That there are Indo-Pacific shells resent in pre-historic caves in Britain and France mean] that as early as Neolithic times trade networks stretched from Western Europe to Asia.

(A) That there are Indo-Pacific shells present in prehistoric caves in Britain and France mean

(B) That present in prehistoric caves are Indo-Pacific shells in Britain and France means

(C) The prehistoric caves in which Indo-Pacific shells are present in Britain and France mean

(D) The presence of Indo-Pacific shells in prehistoric caves in Britain and France means

(E) The presence in prehistoric caves in Britain and France of Indo-Pacific shells mean

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★ Agreemeny: singular/plural

★ Grammar/ Clarity

■ Gsc6-39 ■  210829sun

The National College Counseling Project charges that serious flaws in counseling and admissions are largely responsible [for the 60 percent of students who enter a given college as freshmen and do not] graduate from that institution.

(A) for the 60 percent of students who enter a given college as freshmen and do not

(B) for the 60 percent of students entering a given college as freshmen who do not

(C) that 60 percent of the students entering a given college as freshmen do not

(D) for the failure of 60 percent of the students entering a given college as freshmen not to

(E) for the failure of 60 percent of the students who enter a given college as freshmen to

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★clarity: (responsible for何)

★clarity/redundancy: (failure to何

■ Gsc6-38 ■ 210825wed

In the old Dutch settlement of Beverwyck?now Albany, New York?so many people were hurt and windows [broken that an ordinance was issued forbidding] golf in the streets.

(A) broken that an ordinance was issued forbidding

(B) broken that they issued an ordinance to forbid

(C) were broken that they issued an ordinance forbidding

(D) had been broken that an ordinance was issued to forbid

(E) had been broken that an ordinance was issued forbidding

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★ Paralellism:s v c and s' (v) c'

■ Gsc6-37 ■ 210822sun

For several years, companies in the United States have increased spending for research [far faster than the inflation rate].

(A) far faster than the inflation rate

(B) exceeding by far the rate of inflation

(C) far faster than rising inflation

(D) far faster than the rising of the inflation rate

(E) at a rate far exceeding the rate of inflation

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★ Paralellism:

Y times as A as B

Y times more A than B

Y times the 尺度 of B

■ Gsc6-36 ■ 210818wed

Evidence [that landfills contaminate groundwater and that many landfills are reaching their capacity have] led city planners to look for alternative methods of disposal.

(A) that landfills contaminate and that many landfills are reaching their capacity have

(B) of landfills contaminating groundwater and that many landfills are reaching their capacity have

(C) of landfills contaminating groundwater and many landfills that are reaching their capacity has

(D) of landfills that contaminate groundwater and that many landfills are reaching their capacity has

(E) that landfills contaminate groundwater and that many landfills are reaching their capacity has

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★ Agreement: singular/plural

★ Gramar/ Clarity

■ Gsc6-35 ■ 210815sun

An effort [to upgrade the health care of children begun two years ago] is starting to save lives in dramatic numbers, according to the executive board of the United Nations Children's Fund.

(A) to upgrade the health care of children begun two years ago

(B) begun two years ago for upgrading the health care of children

(C) begun two years ago to upgrade the health care of children

(D) at upgrading the health care of children begun two years ago

(E) that has begun two years ago to upgrade the health care of children

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★Diction: effort

★Conciseness: which

■ Gsc6-34 ■ 210811wed

[Japan is a culture of accommodation and constraint, a system of forms, etiquette, and images, making its] ever-present congestion tolerable.

(A) Japan is a culture of accommodation and constraint, a system of forms, etiquette, and images, making its

(B) Japan, a culture of accommodation and constraint, is a system of forms, etiquette, and images, which makes its

(C) A culture of accommodation and constraint, Japan is a system of forms, etiquette, and images making its

(D) Japan's is a culture of accommodation and constraint, a system of forms, etiquette, and images that makes the

(E) Japan's is a culture of accommodation and constraint, of a system of forms, etiquette, and images, which makes the

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★ Parallelism

■ Gsc6-33 ■ 210808sun

Despite the increasing popularity among financial analysts of "operating cash flow" as a measure of a company's viability, a combination of six more conventional measures [has been shown to be more accurate to predict business failure].

(A) has been shown to be more accurate to predict business failure

(B) has been shown to predict business failure more accurately

(C) were shown to be more accurate to predict business failure

(D) have been shown to more accurately predict business failure

(E) have been shown to predict business failure more accurately

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★ Agreement: singular/plural

★ Conciseness

■ Gsc6-32 ■ 210804wed

On seeing Halley's comet in A.D., 66, the Jewish historian Josephus was persuaded that the apparition was a portent [of the destruction of Jerusalem, which] in fact took place four years later.

(A) of the destruction of Jerusalem, which

(B) of Jerusalem being destroyed, which

(C) for Jerusalem being destroyed, and that

(D) for Jerusalem to be destroyed, and that

(E) for the destruction of Jerusalem, and it

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★ Diction

★ Conciseness

■ Gsc6-31 ■ 210728wed

[If the ice of Greenland and Antarctica were to melt, the sea level would rise at least 100 feet or more.]

(A) If the ice of Greenland and Antarctica were to melt, the sea level would rise at least 100 feet or more.

(B) Were the ice of Greenland and Antarctica to melt, the sea level would rise at least 100 feet.

(C) If the ice of Greenland and Antarctica was to melt, the sea level would rise at least 100 feet or more.

(D) If the ice of Greenland and Antarctica was melting, the sea level would rise at least 100 feet.

(E) Should the ice of Greenland and Antarctica melt, the sea level would rise at least 100 feet or more.

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★ Redundancy

★ Tense: if

仮定法過去

If I were a bird, I would fly to you.

仮定法現在（条件文）

50/50 chance

If she comes, I will be happy.

仮定法過去完了

If I had been a bird (then),

1)   I would have flwn to you (then).

2) I would fly to you (now).

以下、仮定法未来

 If she should cry, I will/ would be sad.

 If the earth were to explode, we would die.

■ Gsc6-30 ■210725sun

Designed to encourage debate, [the long-standing "equal-time" rule for broadcasters has, some contend, actually stifled it].

(A) the long-standing "equal-time" rule for broadcasters has, some contend, actually stifled it

(B) some contend that the long-standing "equal-time" rule for broadcasters has actually stifled it

(C) it has actually been stifled, some contend, by the long-standing "equal-time" rule for broadcasters

(D) some contend that it has actually been stifled by the long-standing "equal-time" rule for broadcasters

(E) actually, the long-standing "equal-time" rule for broadcasters has stifled it, some contend

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★ Dangling Modifier

■ Gsc6-29 ■ 210721wed

[As generators of electricity, small, relatively inexpensive windmills shaped like eggbeaters have several advantages over large, propeller-shaped wind- mills:] simplicity, reliability of stressed components, efficiency in converting wind energy, and beauty.

(A) As generators of electricity, small, relatively inexpensive windmills shaped like eggbeaters have several advantages over large, propeller shaped windmills:

(B) As generators of electricity, several advantages that small, relatively inexpensive windmills shaped like eggbeaters have over large, propeller-shaped windmills include

(C) Several advantages that small, relatively inexpensive windmills for generating electricity shaped like eggbeaters have over large, propeller-shaped windmills include

(D) Several advantages of small, relatively inexpensive windmills shaped like eggbeaters for generating electricity over large, propeller-shaped windmills include

(E) Small, relatively inexpensive windmills for generating electricity shaped like eggbeaters have the following several advantages over large, propeller-shaped windmills:

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★Parallelism

★Misplaced Modifier

■ Gsc6-28 ■ 210728sun

Today anthropologists realize that there is great diversity [among hunter-gatherer societies, and those that have persisted] into this century had long before been altered by their contacts with agricultural peoples.

(A) among hunter-gatherer societies, and those that have persisted

(B) among hunter-gatherer societies, and those persisting

(C) among hunter-gatherer societies and that those persisting

(D) between hunter-gatherer societies, and those that have persisted

(E) between hunter-gatherer societies and that those persisting

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★ between vs among

■ Gsc6-27 ■ 210714wed

You could never find a surface [solid enough to stand on Saturn] because the planet is less dense than water.

(A) solid enough to stand on Saturn

(B) on Saturn where it is solid enough to stand

(C) where it is solid enough that you can stand on Saturn

(D) on Saturn that is solid enough to stand

(E) that is so solid that one can stand on Saturn

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★ Misplaced Modifier: Saturn

■ Gsc6-26 ■ 210711sun

Remembered for her 1902 expose of the Standard Oil Company and her later portrait of John D. Rockefeller, [President Theodore Roosevelt objected to Ida Tarbell in a wrathful outburst against "muck-rakers" in 1906].

(A) President Theodore Roosevelt objected to Ida Tarbell in a wrathful outburst against "muckrakers" in 1906

(B) in 1906 President Theodore Roosevelt objected to Ida Tarbell in a wrathful outburst against "muckrakers"

(C) in an outburst against "muckrakers" in 1906, Ida Tarbell was one of the objects of President Theodore Roosevelt's wrath

(D) Ida Tarbell was one of the objects of President Theodore Roosevelt's wrathful outburst against "muckrakers" in 1906

(E) one of the objects of President Theodore Roosevelt's wrathful outburst against "muckrakers" in 1906 was Ida Tarbell

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★ Dangling Modifier

■ Gsc6-24 ■ 210704sun

The Census Bureau reports that more than three fifths of all married couples in the United States now have two incomes, significantly more than [earlier decades did].

(A) earlier decades did

(B) earlier decades

(C) in earlier decades

(D) earlier decades have

(E) that in earlier decades

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★ Comparison!

■ Gsc6-23 ■ 210630wed

Alcohol may interfere with the ability of the brain cells [as they form] the proteins considered essential to short-term memory.

(A) as they form

(B) forming

(C) in the formation of

(D) to form

(E) when they form

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★ Diction: ability (of one) to

■ Gsc6-22 ■210627sun

Marshal Zhu De, commander of the Communist armies that conquered China, is [so revered in the pantheon of revolutionary heroes that a memorial room was] built for him in the Mao Zedong mausoleum.

(A) so revered in the pantheon of revolutionary heroes that a memorial room was

(B) so revered in the pantheon of revolutionary heroes as to have a memorial room that was

(C) so revered in the pantheon of revolutionary heroes for a memorial room to be

(D) revered enough in the pantheon of revolutionary heroes that a memorial room was

(E) revered enough in the pantheon of revolutionary heroes for a memorial room to be

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★ Diction: so A that B > so A as to

■ Gsc6-21 ■ 210623wed

The line of descent of apes and humans is believed by most paleontologists [that it split] into several branches some time between 20 million and 5 million years ago.

(A) that it split

(B) to have split

(C) to split

(D) that they were split

(E) to be split

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★Diction: be believed to have

■ Gsc6-20 ■ 210620sun

Black officers at the executive rank of general or admiral, of whom there are over seventy in the armed services, have not, until recently, been [present in comparable numbers, either in amount or proportion], among high executives in major corporations.

(A) present in comparable numbers, either in amount or proportion,

(B) present in comparable numbers, either numerically or proportionally

(C) present in comparable numbers or proportion

(D) matched by Blacks in either comparable amount or proportion

(E) matched by a comparable number or proportion of Blacks

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★ countable vs uncountable: number vs amount

★ Redundancy

■ Gsc6-18 ■ 210613sun

Scientists now recognize that infants are well prepared for certain tasks, such as obtaining sustenance and maintaining contact with other people, and they do not any longer consider even newborns to be helpless, passive beings.

(A) do not any longer consider even newborns to be

(B) do not any longer regard even newborns to be

(C) no longer regard even newborns to be

(D) no longer regard even newborns as

(E) no longer consider even newborns as being

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★ Diction: consider

■ Gsc6-17 ■ 210609wed

A stained glass window at Vassar College depicts the thesis defense of Elena Lucrezia Cornaro Piscopia, who in June 1678 [became the first woman to receive] a doctoral degree.

(A) became the first woman to receive

(B) came to be the first woman to receive

(C) was the first woman that received

(D) is the first woman who has received

(E) was the first woman who received

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★ Diction: be the first N to

■ Gsc6-16 ■  210607sun

To construct general-purpose industrial robots that could approximate human dexterity, adaptability, and sensory capabilities would [be both extremely difficult and would waste resources since] less costly special-purpose robots can already surpass human beings at many specific tasks.

(A) be both extremely difficult and would waste resources since

(B) be both extremely difficult as well as a waste of resources as

(C) both be extremely difficult and a waste of resources as

(D) both be extremely difficult as well as waste resources since

(E) be extremely difficult and would waste resources as well since

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★ Parallel/ Redundancy: both vs as well

■ Gsc6-15 ■  210601wed

Federal judges are sentencing white-collar criminals to prison with [more and more frequency and the sentencing, even though still shorter than the average for crimes such as armed robbery, have increased] in length.

(A) more and more frequency and the sentencing, even though still shorter than the average for crimes such as armed robbery, have increased

(B) more and more frequency and the sentencing, though still shorter than the average for such crimes as armed robbery, has increased

(C) higher frequency and the sentences, even though still shorter than the average for crimes such as armed robbery, are increased

(D) greater frequency and the sentencing, although still shorter than the average for such crimes as armed robbery, has been increasing

(E) greater frequency and the sentences, though still shorter than the average for such crimes as armed robbery, have increased

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★ Clarity: ing→N

★ Clarity/ Conciseness : Active/ Passive

■ Gsc6-14 ■ 210530sun

[Based on the complexity of the orchestration of the human body’s various systems that are]

involved in sleeping, it is remarkable that anyone ever sleeps without disturbance.

(A) Based on the complexity of the orchestration of the human body's various systems that are

(B) With the complex orchestration of the various human body systems being

(C) Because of the complex orchestration of the various systems of the human body

(D) Given the complexity of orchestrating the various systems of the human body that are

(E) Since it is complex orchestrating the various human body systems that are

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★ Dangling Modifier/ Diction: Based on

★ Conciseness/ Clarity:  Since? Because of?

■ Gsc6-13 ■ 210526wed

The senator recommended that social security laws [should be changed so that women who

have taken time off from paying jobs to raise families do not suffer financially].

(A) should be changed so that women who have taken time off from paying jobs to raise families do not suffer financially

(B) be changed so that women who have taken time off from paying jobs to raise families do not suffer financially

(C) change so as to not have women who have taken time off from paying jobs to raise families suffer financially

(D) be changed in order not to have women suffer financially who have taken time off from paying jobs to raise families

(E) should change so women who have taken time off from paying jobs to raise families do not suffer financially

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★ Diction: 要求 that 原形

★ Conciseness: to系

■ Gsc6-12 ■ 210523sun

The [homes' growing use of electricity makes it increasingly important for homeowners to

evaluate their electrical capacity].

(A) The homes' growing use of electricity makes it increasingly important for homeowners to evaluate their electrical capacity.

(B) Homes' growth in electrical use makes it increasingly important for homeowners to evaluate their electrical capacity.

(C) The growing use of electricity in the home makes it increasingly important for homeowners to evaluate the electrical capacity of their houses.

(D) The growing use of electricity in the home makes it of increasing importance for homeowners to evaluate their electrical capacity in their houses.

(E) Growth of the home's use of electricity makes it of increasing importance that homeowners should evaluate the electrical capacity in the house

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★ Conciseness

★ Reference

■ Gsc6-11 ■ 210519wed

To politicians and cartographers, Syria is an invention of the twentieth century; but to

scholars, the name [refers to a once vast, occasionally powerful, always proud empire].

(A) refers to a once vast, occasionally powerful, always proud empire

(B) refers to an at one time vast and occasionally powerful empire that was always proud

(C) refers to an empire once vast, occasionally powerful, that was always proud

(D) has reference to an at one time vast empire, occasionally powerful, that was always proud

(E) has reference to an empire that was at one time vast, was occasionally powerful, and always proud

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★ Conciseness: which?

★ Conciseness: have?

■ Gsc6-10 ■ 210516sun

The chemistry of living cells depends on thousands of different enzymes, [each of which are catalysts] for a particular chemical reaction.

(A) each of which are catalysts

(B) each of which is a catalyst

(C) each being catalysts

(D) all a catalyst

(E) which are all catalysts

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★ Agreement : each

■ Gsc6-8 ■ 210509sun

From a very close relationship with one of its parents, [a relationship that lasts thirteen to fifteen years, a young chimpanzee learns appropriate social behavior as well as skills for survival] in the jungle.

(A) a relationship that lasts thirteen to fifteen years, a young chimpanzee learns appropriate social behavior as well as skills for survival

(B) a relationship that lasts thirteen to fifteen years, a young chimpanzee learns socially appropriate behavior and also in addition skills to survive

(C) which lasts thirteen to fifteen years, a young chimpanzee learns how to behave socially and in addition also to survive

(D) which lasts thirteen to fifteen years, a young chimpanzee learns appropriate social behavior as well as survival skills

(E) lasting thirteen to fifteen years, a young chimpanzee learns social behavior that is appropriate and also survival skills as well

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★ Redundancy

★ Reference: which?

■ Gsc6-6 ■ 210502sun

Experimenters have discovered that [salamanders are many more times more sensitive to magnetic cues than homing pigeons and use] the magnetic field of the Earth to find their way from place to

place.

(A) salamanders are many more times more sensitive to magnetic cues than homing pigeons and use

(B) salamanders are many times more sensitive to magnetic cues than are homing pigeons and use

(C) salamanders are sensitive to magnetic cues, many more times so than homing pigeons are, using

(D) the sensitivity of salamanders to magnetic cues is many times that of homing pigeons, and they use

(E) the sensitivity of salamanders to magnetic cues is many times that of homing pigeons, using

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★ Comparison/ Redundancy

★ Conciseness

■ Gsc6-5 ■ 210428wed

The report of The Worldwatch Institute cites the growing militarization of the world economy, with an increasing percentage of raw materials, labor, and capital devoted to the production and purchase of weapons, [as major causes of what they describe] as "the worst economic crisis in a half century."

(A) as major causes of what they describe

(B) that are the major causes of what they describe

(C) as major causes of what it describes

(D) that is the major cause of what it describes

(E) as the major cause of what it describes

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★ Agreement: singular/plural

★ Diction: cite A as B

■ Gsc6-4 ■ 210425sun

The committee had several suggestions for improving the quality of education: the class day and school year should be made longer for students at all levels; teachers' salaries [raised by a 30 percent increase] over three years; and United States educators should study patterns of educational success in other nations.

(A) raised by a 30 percent increase

(B) raised by 30 percent

(C) should have a 30 percent increase

(D) should be raised 30 percent

(E) should be raised by a 30 percent increase

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★ パラレル

★ conciseness

★ redundancy

■ Gsc6-3 ■ 210421wed

The carbon dioxide content of the atmosphere has increased seven percent [since 1958, when systematic measurement began].

(A) since 1958, when systematic measurement began

(B) from 1958, the beginning of systematic measurement

(C) from 1958, which was the beginning of systematic measurement

(D) after 1958, when there were the beginnings of systematic measurement

(E) since 1958, when there were the beginnings of systematic measurement

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★ tense(have=since>from, for)

★ conciseness (there, which is)

■ Gsc6-2 ■ 210418sun

At the time of the American Revolution, most of the tools employed in farming were little different than the ones that [were in use during] 2,000 years.

(A) were little different than the ones that were in use during

(B) were a little different than those that have been in use during

(C) differed little from those that had been in use for

(D) differed little from the ones that have been used during

(E) were little different from the ones being used for

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★ dction & conciseness: differ vs different

★ diction: during vs for

■ Gsc6-1 ■ 210414wed

The taproot of a coffee tree seedling must be put in the ground absolutely straight [or else otherwise it will die].

(A) or else otherwise it will die

(B) so as not to die

(C) not to die

(D) or else they die

(E) or it will die

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★ cons(さもないと=or)

cf so as not to xx

■ Gsc5-39 ■ 210407wed

Like many African countries, [Chad's amalgam of religious and ethnic groups were arbitrarily united] under colonial rule.

(A) Chad's amalgam of religious and ethnic groups were arbitrarily united

(B) the amalgam of religious and ethnic groups that constitute Chad were arbitrarily united

(C) the religious and ethnic groups that constitute Chad were arbitrarily united into an amalgam

(D) Chad is an amalgam of religious and ethnic groups that were arbitrarily united

(E) Chad's religious and ethnic groups were arbitrarily united into an amalgam

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★ パラレル：Like O, S V

■ Gsc5-38 ■ 210404sun

Montezuma's messengers carried gifts to Cortes fit for the returning god [he was thought to be].

(A) he was thought to be

(B) that they all thought of him as

(C) he was considered

(D) he was regarded as

(E) he had been considered to be

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★ Conciseness

★ Diction: be thought to

■ Gsc5-37 ■ 210331wed

Many states, in search of industries that are [clean, fast-growing, and pay] good wages to skilled workers, are trying to attract high-technology industries.

(A) clean, fast-growing, and pay

(B) clean, grow fast, and that pay

(C) clean and fast-growing and that pay

(D) clean and grow fast, paying

(E) clean, fast-growing, and paying

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★ パラレル

★ Clarity

■ Gsc5-36 ■ 210328sun

With 2.2 billion passengers a year, the Tokyo subway system carries 50 percent [more people than New York and has less] than half as many cars.

(A) more people than New York and has less

(B) over what New York's does and has less

(C) as much as New York, having fewer

(D) more people than New York's with fewer

(E) more people than New York, having fewer

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★ Countable/ Uncountable

★ パラレル

■ Gsc5-35 ■ 210324wed

[Each archaeological discovery at Pompeii is photographed when it is uncovered in order that if it disintegrates] while being moved, it will not be lost completely.

(A) Each archaeological discovery at Pompeii is photographed when it is uncovered in order that if it disintegrates

(B) Every archaeological discovery at Pompeii is photographed as they uncover it so that should it disintegrate

(C) Each archaeological discovery at Pompeii is photographed as it is uncovered so that if it disintegrates

(D) Every archaeological discovery at Pompeii has been photographed when they uncover it so that should it disintegrate

(E) Each archaeological discovery at Pompeii has been photographed when it is uncovered in order that if it disintegrates

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★ Reference: they?

★ Tense

★ Diction: in order to vs in order that

■ Gsc5-34 ■ 210321sun

[About 95 percent of the world population seem to be] immune to leprosy and even those who are susceptible are at risk only after long-term exposure to an active case.

(A) About 95 percent of the world population seem to be

(B) About 95 percent of the world's population seems to be

(C) It is about 95 percent of the population of the world that seem to be

(D) The world's population seems to be about 95 percent

(E) The population of the world seems to be about 95 percent

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★ Clarity/ Diction: x% of countable?uncountable?

■ Gsc5-33 ■ 210317wed

This is proving to be the sixth consecutive year [in which net farm income is sharply depressed].

(A) in which net farm income is sharply depressed

(B) in which there would be sharply depressed net farm income

(C) for net farm income being sharply depressed

(D) for the sharp depression of net farm income

(E) of net farm income that was sharply depressed

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★ 節or句

★Conciseness

■ Gsc5-32 ■ 210321sun

When adjusted for body weight, [children of various age-groups in the United States have a caffeine intake that ranges from 36 to 58 percent of the average amount consumed by adults].

(A) children of various age-groups in the United States have a caffeine intake that ranges from 36 to 58 percent of the average amount consumed by adults

(B) the caffeine intake of children of various age-groups in the United States ranges from 36 to 58 percent of the average amount consumed by adults

(C) various age-groups of children in the United States range in caffeine intake from 36 to 58 percent of that consumed by the average adult

(D) in the United States, children of various age-groups have a caffeine intake that ranges from 36 to 58 percent of the average adult's consumption

(E) in the United States, the caffeine intake of children in various age-groups ranges from 36 to 58 percent of that consumed by the average adult

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★Dangling Modifier

■ Gsc5-31 ■ 210310wed

Just as the economy and society of the preindustrial state were radically different from [the modern nation-state, so too their art served a very different function from that which art has] in our society today.

(A) the modern nation-state, so too their art served a very different function from that which art has

(B) the modern nation-state, so too their art served a very different function than art does

(C) those of the modern nation-state, so too its art served a very different function than art does

(D) those of the modern nation-state, so too their art served a very different function from what art has

(E) that of the modern nation-state, so too its art served a very different function than art has

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★パラレル：those

★Agreement

■ Gsc5-29 ■ 210207sun

Since the beginning of the nineteenth century the question of [if there is to be] enough food to feed the growing world population has been raised repeatedly.

(A) if there is to be

(B) if there may be

(C) if there were

(D) whether there will be

(E) whether or not there be

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★ Diction: whether vs if

■ Gsc5-28 ■ 210303wed

The homicide rate of the United States is eight to nine times [that of] other major industrial countries.

(A) that of

(B) that which it is in

(C) higher than the

(D) higher as that of

(E) what they are in

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★ Diction:

Y times as A as B

Y times more A than B

Y times the 尺度 of B

■ Gsc5-27 ■ 210228sun

Core inflation is generally defined [to be the rate at which increases in the cost of labor exceeds] gains in productivity .

(A) to be the rate at which increases in the cost of labor exceeds

(B) to be the rate of increases in labor costs exceeding

(C) as the rate at which increases in labor costs exceed

(D) as the rate of labor cost increases exceeding

(E) as the rate of increases in the cost of labor exceeding

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★ Diction: define A as B

★ Diction: the rate at which vs of

★ Agreement

■ Gsc5-26 ■ 210224wed

In the fifteenth century, when coal first began to have commercial value, women and children did the hardest work in the [mines: they were hauling baskets on their hands and knees out of poorly ventilated tunnels].

(A) mines: they were hauling baskets on their hands and knees out of poorly ventilated tunnels

(B) mines, and hauled baskets out of poorly ventilated tunnels on their hands and knees

(C) mines, the hauling, on their hands and knees, of baskets out of poorly ventilated tunnels

(D) mines: out of poorly ventilated tunnels, they hauled baskets on their hands and knees

(E) mines: on their hands and knees, they hauled baskets out of poorly ventilated tunnels

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★ パラレル

★ Clarity

★ Misplaced Modifier

■ Gsc5-25 ■ 210221sun

Many physicians are now suggesting that moderate fevers be allowed to run their course, for they may shorten the illness, enhance the action of antibiotics, and [the chances of spreading the infection to others may be reduced].

(A) the chances of spreading the infection to others may be reduced

(B) there may be a reduction of chances that the infection be spread to others

(C) the chances that the infection may be spread to others is reduced

(D) may reduce the chances of spreading the infection to others

(E) reduce the chances of spreading the infection to others

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★ パラレル：A, B, and C

■ Gsc5-24 ■ 210217wed

According to Ms. Haskell's recent study, the [amount of people who appear at church-operated emergency food centers have] increased during the past year from 40 percent at some facilities to 600 percent at others.

(A) amount of people who appear at church-operated emergency food centers have

(B) amount of people appearing at church-operated emergency food centers have

(C) amount of people appearing at church-operated emergency food centers has

(D) number of people appearing at church-operated emergency food centers has

(E) number of people who have been appearing at church-operated emergency food centers have

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★ Agreement: number vs amount

■ Gsc5-23 ■ 210214sun

Some researchers believe that embryonic tissue will one day [not only be used to correct such tragic conditions as paralysis that results from spinal-cord injury but also some currently untreatable disorders of the brain].

(A) not only be used to correct such tragic conditions as paralysis that results from spinal-cord injury but also some currently untreatable disorders of the brain

(B) not only be used to correct tragic conditions such as paralysis that results from spinal-cord injury but some currently untreatable disorders of the brain as well

(C) be used not only to correct such tragic conditions as paralysis resulting from spinal-cord injury but some currently untreatable disorders of the brain as well

(D) be used to correct not only tragic conditions such as paralysis resulting from spinal-cord injury as well as some currently untreatable disorders of the brain

(E) be used to correct not only such tragic conditions as paralysis resulting from spinal-cord injury but also some currently untreatable disorders of the brain

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★ Diction: not only

■ Gsc5-22 ■210210wed