■GMAT sc 正解と解法のテクニック■

参考：The Elements of Style　（解法に必要なほぼすべての鍵は、この1918年発行の小冊子にあります。大切なのは、その適用力です）


■ 本気にやりたい方は→GMAT 7 Week's Wonder

■ Gsc4-32 ■ 231129wed

In 1719 the Meissen manufacturers found a way of combining kaolin, quartz, and feldspar, a kind of potash, to manufacture a hard-paste porcelain [which was comparable to what was being imported by Europeans from the Far East for centuries].

(A) which was comparable to what was being imported by Europeans from the Far East for centuries

(B) which compared with that which Europeans imported from the Far East for centuries

(C) comparable with what Europeans imported from the Far East for centuries

(D) comparable to what Europeans had imported for centuries from the Far East

(E) that could be compared to what Europeans imported for centuries from the Far East

■ Gsc4-31 ■ 231126sun

The key discovery in the scientific effort to understand fire was made in 1774 when Lavoisier recognized that [the apparent disappearance of matter in flames is an illusion].

(A) the apparent disappearance of matter in flames is an illusion

(B) the matter that apparently disappears in flames is an illusion

(C) the disappearance of matter in flames is apparently an illusion

(D) it was an illusion that there is an apparent disappearance of matter in flames

(E) it was an illusion that matter apparently disappears in flames

■ Gsc4- 30 ■ 231122wed

Maesanin, the active ingredient in an herbal tea used by East Africans to ward off cholera, [has an antibacterial action but by a mechanism that is neither understood nor similar to that of] other antibiotics.

(A) has an antibacterial action but by a mechanism that is neither understood nor similar to that of

(B) has an antibacterial action by a mechanism that is not understood, however, nor similar to

(C) has an antibacterial action, but it does so by a mechanism that is neither understood nor similar to that of

(D) acts against bacteria by a mechanism that is not understood, however, and is different from

(E) acts against bacteria, but it does so by a mechanism that is not understood and is different from that of

■ Gsc4-29 ■ 231119sun

Since children who undergo preschool education have [been proven to be less liable] to need remedial programs later, preschool education programs are demonstrably cost effective.

(A) been proven to be less liable

(B) proved themselves not as liable

(C) proved to be less likely

(D) proven to be less liable

(E) proven themselves not as likely

■ Gsc4-27 ■ 231112sun

[Prospects for falling interest rates to continue improved last month] when the nation's money supply dropped sharply and a leading bank cut its prime lending rate a full percentage point.

(A) Prospects for falling interest rates to continue improved last month

(B) Prospects that interest rates will continue to fall improved last month

(C) Prospects improved for the continuation of falling interest rates last month

(D) Last month prospects improved for interest rates to continue to fall

(E) Last month prospects improved that falling interest rates will continue

■ Gsc4-26 ■ 231108wed

Species of insects or birds that are accidentally introduced into a new country often become pests because [they now lack their predators from their former habitat].

(A) they now lack their predators from their former habitat

(B) of the predators they now lack from their former habitat

(C) of the predators of their former habitat that are now absent

(D) the predators they encountered in their former habitat are now absent

(E) their predators they encountered in their former habitat are lacking now

■ Gsc4-25 ■ 231105sun

During the first half of the nineteenth century, the growth in the commercial production of cotton [led to the plantation system expanding and the system's reliance on slave labor intensifying] .

(A) led to the plantation system expanding and the system's reliance on slave labor intensifying

(B) had led to the plantation system being expanded and the system's reliance on slave labor becoming more intense

(C) led to the plantation system's expansion and the intensification of their reliance on slave labor

(D) led to an expansion of the plantation system and an intensification of the system's reliance on slave labor

(E) had led to an expansion of the plantation system and had intensified their reliance on slave labor

■ Gsc4-24 ■ 231101wed

[Through waste conversion into salable materials and using energy that would otherwise be wasted], many companies have found that they can reduce costs and pollution simultaneously.

(A) Through waste conversion into salable materials and using energy that would otherwise be wasted

(B) Through converting wastes into salable materials and the use of otherwise wasted energy

(C) By converting wastes into salable materials and using energy that would otherwise be wasted

(D) By the converting of wastes into salable materials and waste energy use

(E) By waste conversion into salable materials and waste energy use

■ Gsc4-23 ■ 231029sun

Employers often obtain arrest records of applicants for employment from the Federal Bureau of Investigation's computerized file, but [in that file they mostly] fail to indicate the outcome of cases, and approximately one-fifth are inaccurate.

(A) in that file they mostly

(B) in that file most

(C) most of them in that file

(D) most in that file

(E) most records in that file

■ Gsc4-22 ■ 231025wed

If continued population growth [is unmatched by increases in food supply, large parts of the globe would] face widespread hunger and famine.

(A) is unmatched by increases in food supply, large parts of the globe would

(B) is not matched by increases in food supply, large parts of the globe will

(C) will not be matched by increases in food supply, large parts of the globe would

(D) should be unmatched by increases in food supply, large parts of the globe can

(E) were to be unmatched by increases in food supply, large parts of the globe may

■ Gsc4-21 ■ 231022sun

[Founded in 1843, the Economist's weekly magazine circulation has now doubled to about 200,000, twice that of a decade ago].

(A) Founded in 1843, the Economist's weekly magazine circulation has now doubled to about 200,000, twice that of a decade ago.

(B) The Economist magazine, founded in 1843, now has a weekly circulation twice that of a decade ago, doubled to about 200,000.

(C) Founded in 1843, the weekly circulation of the magazine the Economist is now twice what it was a decade ago, doubled to about 200,000.

(D) The weekly the Economist, founded in 1843, has a magazine circulation that had doubled to about 200,000, twice a decade ago's.

(E) The Economist, a magazine founded in 1843, now has a weekly circulation of about 200,000, twice what it was a decade ago.

■ Gsc4-20 ■ 231022wed

The proportion of the work force that is unionized has declined; only one worker in every five now belongs to a union, [rather than one in every four, like in 1955].

(A) rather than one in every four, like in 1955

(B) instead of one in every four, as in 1955

(C) not like it was in 1955, with one in every four

(D) unlike 1955, when it was one in every four

(E) whereas there was one in every four in 1955

■ Gsc4-19 ■ 231015sun

Despite the growing concern of government officials that sophisticated United States technology and arms are being shipped illegally to unfriendly nations, the federal agencies [in charge of administering the export control laws remains understaffed, and its enforcement efforts] are sporadic.

(A) in charge of administering the export control laws remains understaffed, and its enforcement efforts

(B) having charge of the administration of the export control laws remains understaffed, and their enforcement efforts

(C) having the charge of administering the export control laws remains understaffed and their enforcing efforts

(D) in charge to administer the export control laws remain understaffed, and their efforts at enforcement

(E) charged with administering the export control laws remain understaffed, and their enforcement efforts

■ Gsc4-18 ■ 231011wed

Confronted with mounting [drug prices, particularly the synthetic petrochemical derivatives], some Western chemists are turning their attention to herbs used for many centuries in African and Asian medical practice.

(A) drug prices, particularly the synthetic petrochemical derivatives

(B) drug prices, particularly the synthetic drugs derived from petrochemicals

(C) drug prices, in particular the synthetic derivatives from petrochemicals

(D) prices for drugs, in particular the synthetics derived of petrochemicals

(E) prices for drugs, particularly the synthetic drugs derived from petrochemicals

■ Gsc4-17 ■ 231008sun

[Although much used in employment interviews as well as in police work, the validity of lie detector tests] is questionable, and research has shown many instances of misclassification by trained interrogators.

(A) Although much used in employment interviews as well as in police work, the validity of lie detector tests

(B) Although they are much used in both employment interviews and in police work, the validity of lie detector tests

(C) Although lie detector tests are much used both in employment interviews and in police work, their validity

(D) The validity of lie detector tests, in spite of being much used in both employment interviews and in police work,

(E) The validity of lie detector tests, although much used both in employment interviews and police work,

■ Gsc4-16 ■ 231004wed

The ratio of [salaries of managers to ordinary workers are substantially lower in Japan than the comparable ratio] in the United States.

(A) salaries of managers to ordinary workers are substantially lower in Japan than the comparable ratio

(B) salaries of managers to ordinary workers is substantially lower in Japan than is the comparable ratio

(C) managers' to ordinary workers' salaries are substantially lower in Japan than

(D) managers' salaries to those of ordinary workers is substantially lower in Japan than

(E) managers' salaries to those of ordinary workers are substantially lower in Japan than is the comparable ratio

■ Gsc4-15 ■ 231001sun

[If a nuclear weapon were to be detonated above the atmosphere, it would generate not a blast, shock, nor heat, but] an intense electromagnetic pulse disrupting, like a lightning bolt, all unshielded electric lines and electronic equipment.

(A) If a nuclear weapon were to be detonated above the atmosphere, it would generate not a blast, shock, nor heat, but

(B) If a nuclear weapon were to be detonated above the atmosphere, it would not generate a blast, shock, or heat, but rather

(C) A nuclear weapon detonated above the atmosphere would generate no blast, shock, or heat, but rather

(D) A nuclear weapon detonated above the atmosphere would not generate a blast, shock, or heat, but rather

(E) A nuclear weapon detonated above the atmosphere would not generate a blast, shock, nor heat, but

■ Gsc4-14 ■ 230927wed

The United States and Canada have agreed to joint action on acid rain, an environmental pollutant [that each exports to the other].

(A) that each exports to the other

(B) each is exporting to the other one

(C) that one exports to the next

(D) they are exporting to one another

(E) that they both export to each other

■ Gsc4-13 ■ 230924sun

[International loans that are extensive and in some cases exceeding the total equity of the lending bank have exposed them] to insolvency, since borrowers, hard-pressed by changes in interest rates and oil prices, have found repayment impossible.

(A) International loans that are extensive and in some cases exceeding the total equity of the lending bank have exposed them

(B) International loans that are extensive in size and exceeding in some cases the total equity of the lending banks expose the lenders

(C) International loans, extensive in size and in some cases exceeding the total equity of the lending bank, expose them

(D) Extensive international loans, exceeding in some cases the total equity of the lending banks, have exposed the lenders

(E) Extensive international loans, in some cases exceeding the total equity of the lending bank, have exposed them

■ Gsc4-12 ■ 230920wed

Margot Peters' recent study examines the actresses [with whom, as] a dramatic critic and struggling playwright, Shaw found himself writing for, competing with, courting for their influence, and often simply courting.

(A) with whom, as

(B) with whom, when he was

(C) with whom, being

(D) whom, being

(E) whom, as

■ Gsc4-11 ■ 230917sun

When there is disagreement in a criminal case?that is, when reasonable doubt becomes an element in the verdict?a jury is six times [more likely to acquit as to convict a defendant].

(A) more likely to acquit as to convict a defendant

(B) more likely to acquit than to convict a defendant

(C) more likely about acquitting a defendant rather than convicting

(D) likelier to acquit a defendant rather than convict

(E) likelier that a defendant will be acquitted rather than convicted

■ Gsc4-10 ■ 230913wed

[It is known that consuming too much sodium makes a contribution to hypertension], which is a factor in half the deaths in the United States each year.

(A) It is known that consuming too much sodium makes a contribution to hypertension

(B) The consumption of too much sodium is known to have made a contribution to hypertension

(C) Consuming too much sodium is known to contribute to hypertension

(D) Contributing to hypertension is the consuming of too much sodium

(E) Known to contribute to hypertension is the consumption of too much sodium

■ Gsc4-8 ■ 230906wed

 [It is possible that future spacecraft will be slowly propelled] through almost empty space within the solar system, not by jets of gas, but by the force of photons of sunlight pushing on thin plastic sails.

(A) It is possible that future spacecraft will be slowly propelled

(B) It is possible for future spacecraft to be propelled slowly

(C) Future spacecraft could be propelled slowly possibly

(D) Future spacecraft could possibly slowly be propelled

(E) It could be possible that future spacecraft be propelled slowly

■ Gsc4-7 ■ 230903sun

Government agencies have agreed to authorize insurance payments for the use of CAT scanners, recognizing that these machines [are able to make hospital stays shorter and to reduce] the frequency of exploratory surgery.

(A) are able to make hospital stays shorter and to reduce

(B) may make hospital stays shorter and make a reduction in

(C) should shorten hospital stays and also make a reduction in

(D) can shorten hospital stays and reduce

(E) will shorten hospital stays, reducing

■ Gsc4-6 ■ 230830wed

Few baskets made by Southern California Indians would have survived to the present [had it not been for] enthusiastic collectors at the turn of the century.

(A) had it not been for

(B) unless there had been

(C) without the fact that there were

(D) were it not due to

(E) except that there were

■ Gsc4-5 ■ 230827sun

Minimum wage legislation has been controversial since its inception: its proponents argue that [the people who are most economically vulnerable are safeguarded from being exploited, while other critics argue it leads to people being unemployed].

(A) the people who are most economically vulnerable are safeguarded from being exploited, while other critics argue it leads to people being unemployed

(B) the people safeguarded from being exploited are the most economically vulnerable, whereas the critics argue it leads to people being unemployed

(C) it is a safeguard so that the most economically vulnerable are not exploited, whereas the critics contend that it is a cause of unemployment

(D) it safeguards the most economically vulnerable from exploitation, while its critics contend that it is a cause of unemployment

(E) it has safeguarded the people who are most economically vulnerable from being exploited, while its critics contend that it leads to people being unemployed

■ Gsc4-4 ■ 230823wed

[Unlike] neighboring Pompeii, the inhabitants of Herculaneum had time to flee before their city was buried under volcanic mud when Vesuvius erupted on August 24 in A.D. 79.

(A) Unlike

(B) Unlike those of

(C) Different from those of

(D) Different than those in

(E) Dissimilar to

■ Gsc4-3 ■ 230820sun

[Since Ruth Benedict was an early and outspoken opponent of racial prejudice, and she] argued prophetically that the greatest weapon the country possessed to combat racism was the legal authority of the federal government.

(A) Since Ruth Benedict was an early and outspoken opponent of racial prejudice, and she

(B) An early and outspoken opponent of racial prejudice, Ruth Benedict

(C) Ruth Benedict, who was early in her outspoken opposition against racial prejudice

(D) Ruth Benedict's early and outspoken opposition to racial prejudice

(E) The outspoken Ruth Benedict, early opposed to racial prejudice,

■ Gsc4-2 ■  230816wed

Because Congress acted to adjust food stamp benefits [only once a year for inflation, not two times, there was a benefit reduction of] $600 million annually.

(A) only once a year for inflation, not two times, there was a benefit reduction of

(B) only once annually for inflation, not two times, the amount paid in benefits were reduced by

(C) only once a year for inflation, not two times, the reduction of the amount paid in benefits was

(D) for inflation only once a year, rather than twice, the amount paid in benefits was reduced by

(E) for inflation only one time a year, not twice, there was a reduction of the amount paid in benefits of

■ Gsc4-1 ■ 230813sun

Puritan tracts were concerned with hell and damnation, and fiction was considered [as of harm to] the reader's moral fiber.

(A) as of harm to

(B) to be a harm to

(C) harmful to

(D) as harming

(E) to be harming to

■ Gsc3-40 ■ 230809wed

A new method of deriving the vaccine for hoof-and-mouth disease from E. coli bacteria allows for levels of serum production [that are more than a thousand times as high per bacterium than] was previously possible.

(A) that are more than a thousand times as high per bacterium than

(B) that are more than a thousand times higher per bacterium as

(C) that are more than a thousand times higher per bacterium than

(D) as much as a thousand times as high per bacterium than

(E) as much as a thousand times higher per bacterium as

■ Gsc3-39 ■ 230806sun

The architectural problem of how to enclose and articulate interior space becomes [increasingly critical as the size of the space gets larger].

(A) increasingly critical as the size of the space gets larger

(B) ever more critical as the size of the space increases

(C) more and more critical as the size of the space will increase

(D) one that is increasingly critical as there is an increase in the size of the space

(E) more critical with the size of the space getting larger

■ Gsc3-38 ■ 230802wed

Despite its inconveniences and irritations, jury service [can, and often is, the most rewarding civic duty that average citizens perform].

(A) can, and often is, the most rewarding civic duty that average citizens perform

(B) can be, and often is, the most rewarding civic duty that average citizens perform

(C) can be, and often has been, the most rewarding civic duty the average citizens perform

(D) may have been, and often is, the most rewarding civic duty the average citizens perform

(E) might be, and often has been, the most rewarding civic duty average citizens have performed

■ Gsc3-37 ■ 230730sun

[In combination, the trend of demographics and economics indicate] that the regions of the United States will continue to become more disparate in their problems and needs.

(A) In combination, the trend of demographics and economics indicate

(B) The trend of demographics and economics combined indicates

(C) Demographic trends, in combination with economic, indicate

(D) Demographic and economic trends, in combination, indicate

(E) Demographic trends combine with the economic to indicate

■ Gsc3-36 ■ 230726wed

According to the space agency, the proposed transmitter [would not last barely a month if it is] subjected to the intense heat of space.

(A) would not last barely a month if it is

(B) could not last hardly a month if it is

(C) will last no more than hardly a month if it is

(D) would not last a month if it will be

(E) will not last a month if

■ Gsc3-35 ■ 230723sun

Until fairly recently pre-Columbian artifacts were [regarded more often to be objects of archaeological interest than] artistic quality.

(A) regarded more often to be objects of archaeological interest than

(B) considered more often to be objects of archaeological interest rather than

(C) regarded more often as objects of archaeological interest than as objects of

(D) considered as being more often objects of archaeological interest than of

(E) regarded more often as being objects of archaeological interest instead of

■ Gsc2-34 ■ 230719wed

Unlike [most suspension bridges, the main cables of the eighty-year-old Williamsburg Bridge are made of ungalvanized wire, which now requires] protection from corrosion.

(A) most suspension bridges, the main cables of the eighty-year-old Williamsburg Bridge are made of ungalvanized wire, which now requires

(B) most suspension bridges, the eighty-year-old Williamsburg Bridge's main cables are made of ungalvanized wire, which now requires

(C) most suspension bridges, the eighty-year-old Williamsburg Bridge has its main cables made of ungalvanized wire, which now require

(D) those of most suspension bridges, the main cables of the eighty-year-old Williamsburg Bridge are made of ungalvanized wire, which now requires

(E) those of most suspension bridges, the main cables of the eighty-year-old Williamsburg Bridge are made of ungalvanized wire, which now require

■ Gsc3-33 ■ 230716sun

Health insurers have begun to demand [that the providers of mental health services be accountable for establishing] that the treatments they administer, under various therapeutic theories, are in fact beneficial.

(A) that the providers of mental health services be accountable for establishing

(B) accountability from the providers of mental health services to establish

(C) that the providers of mental health services have accountability to establish

(D) accountability for the providers of mental health services, establishing

(E) accountability from those who provide mental health services in order to establish

■ Gsc3-32 ■ 230712wed

In 1719 the Meissen manufacturers found a way of combining kaolin, quartz, and feldspar, a kind of potash, to manufacture a hard-paste porcelain [which was comparable to what was being imported by Europeans from the Far East for centuries].

(A) which was comparable to what was being imported by Europeans from the Far East for centuries

(B) which compared with that which Europeans imported from the Far East for centuries

(C) comparable with what Europeans imported from the Far East for centuries

(D) comparable to what Europeans had imported for centuries from the Far East

(E) that could be compared to what Europeans imported for centuries from the Far East

■ Gsc3-31 ■ 230709sun

The key discovery in the scientific effort to understand fire was made in 1774 when Lavoisier recognized that [the apparent disappearance of matter in flames is an illusion].

(A) the apparent disappearance of matter in flames is an illusion

(B) the matter that apparently disappears in flames is an illusion

(C) the disappearance of matter in flames is apparently an illusion

(D) it was an illusion that there is an apparent disappearance of matter in flames

(E) it was an illusion that matter apparently disappears in flames

■ Gsc3- 30 ■ 230705wed

 City planners in Detroit hope that the renewal project extending along the eastern riverfront will establish a population [that lives and works downtown and also provides] the office space needed to attract new businesses.

(A) that lives and works downtown and also provides

(B) to live and work downtown and also provide

(C) that lives as well as works downtown and also provide

(D) which lives as well as works downtown and also provides

(E) who live as well as work downtown and also provides

■ Gsc3-29 ■ 230702sun

[ A publication may be sued for libel in any state where it regularly circulates under a unanimous ruling by the Supreme Court.]

(A) A publication may be sued for libel in any state where it regularly circulates under a unanimous ruling by the Supreme Court.

(B) A publication may be sued for libel in any state where it has regular circulation under a unanimous ruling by the Supreme Court.

(C) Under a unanimous ruling by the Supreme Court, a publication may be sued for libel in any state in which it regularly circulates.

(D) Under a unanimous ruling by the Supreme Court, a publication may be sued for libel in any state in which there is regular circulation.

(E) Under a unanimous ruling by the Supreme Court, there may be a suit for libel in any state in which a publication regularly circulates.

■ Gsc3-28 ■ 230629wed

 After three months of investigation, it became apparent that both local and state taxes have not [and probably will not be paid] by the insolvent corporation .

(A) and probably will not be paid

(B) been and probably will not be paid

(C) been paid and probably will not be

(D) been paid nor probably will be

(E) and will not be paid, probably,

■ Gsc3-27 ■ 230625sun

 Alcohol is the only drug that is soluble in both fat and [water; as such it can enter all parts of the human body, affecting] virtually every cell and biological pathway.

(A) water; as such it can enter all parts of the human body, affecting

(B) water; as such entering all parts of the human body, and affecting

(C) water, as such entering all parts of the human body, which affects

(D) water, and as such entering all parts of the human body to affect

(E) water, which can enter all parts of the human body to affect

■ Gsc3-26 ■ 230621wed

The writer Alice Walker [regards Stevie Wonder to be a spiritual singer rather than] a pop singer, and so she opened The Color Purple with a quotation from his song “Do Like You."

(A) regards Stevie Wonder to be a spiritual singer rather than

(B) regards Stevie Wonder as being a spiritual singer instead of

(C) considers Stevie Wonder a spiritual singer rather than

(D) considers Stevie Wonder to bc a spiritual singer instead of

(E) considers Stevie Wonder as being a spiritual singer rather than

■ Gsc3-25 ■ 2306118sun

 Searching for tangible evidence of the Roman past in ancient Jerusalem, [Israeli archaeologists have excavated the main Roman entryway into the Old City and succeeded in unearthing a guard tower], the tallest preserved Roman structure in the country.

(A) Israeli archaeologists have excavated the main Roman entryway into the Old City and succeeded in unearthing a guard tower,

(B) the main Roman entryway into the Old City was excavated by Israeli archaeologists, who succeeded in unearthing a guard tower,

(C) the guard tower successfully unearthed by Israeli archaeologists excavating the main Roman entryway into the Old City is

(D) the Israeli archaeologists' excavation of the main Roman entryway into the Old City has succeeded in unearthing a guard tower that is

(E) success was achieved by Israeli archaeologists h unearthing a guard tower as they were excavating the main Roman entryway to the Old City,

■ Gsc2-24 ■ 2306114wed

 A growing number of the decisions made at federal, state, and local levels [ involves technical judgments that much of the elecorate is unable knowledgeably to challenge].

(A) involves technical judgments that much of the electorate is unable knowledgeably to challenge

(B) involves technical judgments unable to be challenged knowledgeably by much of the electorate

(C) involves technical judgments that cannot be challenged knowledgeably by much of the electorate

(D) involve technical judgments that much of the electorate cannot knowledgeably challenge

(E) involve technical judgments incapable of being knowledgeably challenged by much of the electorate

■ Gsc3-23 ■ 230611sun

 Black pepper is the dried fruit of the Piper nigrum, a woody vine that grows only in tropical regions [with about one hundred inches of rainfall a year, on the average, alternating with[ long periods of dry heat.

(A) with about one hundred inches of rainfall a year, on the average, alternating with

(B) where rainfall, averaging about one hundred inches a year, alternates with

(C) with, alternately, about one hundred inches of average annual rainfall and

(D) averaging about one hundred inches of rainfall annually, alternating between

(E) averaging annually about one hundred inches of rainfall alternately with

■ Gsc3-22 ■ 230607wed

Tecumseh urged [all Native American tribes, even former enemies, to resist the cession of individual parcels of land by forming an intertribal confederacy and under it there will be] common ownership of all tribal lands.

(A) all Native American tribes, even former enemies, to resist the cession of individual parcels of land by forming an intertribal confederacy and under it there will be

(B) that all Native American tribes, and even former enemies, resist the cession of individual parcels of land by forming an intertribal confederacy and under it there would be

(c) that all Native American tribes, even former enemies, should be resistant to the cession of individual parcels of land by forming an intertribal confederacy and under it they would have

(D) all Native American tribes, even former enemies, to resist the cession of individual parcels of land by forming an intertribal confederacy under which there would be

(E) all Native American tribes, and even former enemies, that they were to resist the cession of individual parcels of land, form an intertribal confederacy, and under it they would have

■ Gsc3-21 ■ 230604sun

Unlike earlier satellites that last a year or two before failing, [the life span of the new orbiting observatories is expected] to be ten to twenty years.

(A) the life span of the new orbiting observatories is expected to be

(B) the life span of the new orbiting observatories, it is expected, will be

(c) it is expected that the life span of the new orbiting observatories would be

(I)) the expectation is for the new orbiting observatories to have a life span of

(E) the new orbiting observatories are expected to have a life span of

■ Gsc3-20 ■ 230531wed

When rates were raised in 1985, postal service officials predicted [they would make further rate increases unnecessary] for at least three years.

(A) they would make further rate increases unnecessary

(B) they would mean that further rate increases would not be needed

(C) that it would not be necessary for further rate increases

(D) that the increase would make further rate increases unnecessary

(E) further rate increases will not be needed

■ Gsc3-19 ■ 230528sun

To help preserve ancient Egyptian monuments threatened by high water tables, a Swedish engineering firm has proposed installing pumps, perhaps solar powered, [to lower the underground water level and dig trenches] around the bases of the stone walls.

(A) to lower the underground water level and dig trenches

(B) to lower the underground water level and to dig trenches

(C) to lower the underground water level and digging trenches

(D) that lower the underground water level and that trenches be dug

(E) that lower the underground water level and trench digging

■ Gsc3-18 ■ 230524wed

 [Under Napoleon the French were not able to organize an adequate supply system, and it] was a major cause of the failure of their invasion of Russia.

(A) Under Napoleon the French were not able to organize an adequate supply system, and it

(B) The French being unable to organize an adequate supply system under Napoleon

(C) For the French under Napoleon, to be unable to organize an adequate supply system

(D) The inability of the French under Napoleon to organize an adequate supply system

(E) The French inability under Napoleon of organizing an adequate supply system

■ Gsc3-17 ■ 230521sun

 [Although just inside the orbit of] Jupiter, amateur astronomers with good telescopes should be able to see the comet within the next few weeks.

(A) Although just inside the orbit of

(B) Although it is just inside the orbit of

(C) Just inside the orbit of

(D) Orbiting just inside

(E) Having orbited just inside

■ Gsc3-16 ■ 230517wed

 One of Ronald Reagan's first acts as President was to rescind President Carter's directive [that any chemical banned on medical grounds in the United States be prohibited from sale to other countries].

(A) that any chemical banned on medical grounds in the United States be prohibited from sale to other countries

(B) that any chemical be prohibited from sale to other countries that was banned on medical grounds in the United States

(C) prohibiting the sale to other countries of any chemical banned on medical grounds in the United States

(D) prohibiting that any chemical banned on medical grounds in the United States is sold to other countries

(E) that any chemical banned in the United States on medical grounds is prohibited from being sold to other countries

■ Gsc3-15 ■ 230514sun

According to his own account, Frederic-Auguste Bartholdi, the sculptor of the Statue of Liberty, [modeled the face of the statue like his mother's and the body like his wife's].

(A) modeled the face of the statue like his mother's and the body like his wife's

(B) modeled the face of the statue after that of his mother and the body after that of his wife

(C) modeled the face of the statue like his mother and the body like his wife

(D) made the face of the statue after his mother and the body after his wife

(E) made the face of the statue look like his mother and the body look like his wife

■ Gsc3-15 ■ 230514sun

According to his own account, Frederic-Auguste Bartholdi, the sculptor of the Statue of Liberty, [modeled the face of the statue like his mother's and the body like his wife's].

(A) modeled the face of the statue like his mother's and the body like his wife's

(B) modeled the face of the statue after that of his mother and the body after that of his wife

(C) modeled the face of the statue like his mother and the body like his wife

(D) made the face of the statue after his mother and the body after his wife

(E) made the face of the statue look like his mother and the body look like his wife

■ Gsc3-14 ■ 230510wed

Several senior officials spoke to the press on condition [that they not be named] in the story.

(A) that they not be named

(B) that their names will not be used

(C) that their names are not used

(D) of not being named

(E) they will not be named

■ Gsc3-13 ■ 230507sun

According to scientists at the University of California, the pattern of changes that have occurred in human DNA over the millennia [indicate the possibility that everyone alive today might be descended from a single female ancestor who] lived in Africa sometime between 140,000 and 280,000 years ago.

(A) indicate the possibility that everyone alive today might be descended from a single female ancestor who

(B) indicate that everyone alive today might possibly be a descendant of a single female ancestor who had

(C) may indicate that everyone alive today has descended from a single female ancestor who had

(D) indicates that everyone alive today may be a descendant of a single female ancestor who

(E) indicates that everyone alive today might be a descendant from a single female ancestor who

■ Gsc3-12 ■ 230503sun

Most nations regard their airspace [as extending] upward as high as an aircraft can fly; no specific altitude, however, has been officially recognized as a boundary.

(A) as extending

(B) as the extent

(C) to be an extent

(D) to be an extension

(E) to extend

■ Gsc3-11 ■ 230430sun

 Several studies have found that the coronary patients who exercise most actively [have half or less than half the chance of dying of a heart attack as those who are sedentary].

(A) have half or less than half the chance of dying of a heart attack as those who are sedentary

(B) have half the chance, or less, of dying of a heart attack than those who are sedentary do

(C) have half the chance that they will die of a heart attack, or less, than those who are sedentary do

(D) are at least fifty percent less likely to die of a heart attack as those who are sedentary

(E) are at least fifty percent less likely than those who are sedentary to die of a heart attack

■ Gsc3-10 ■ 230426wed

 More than five thousand years ago, Chinese scholars accurately described the flow of blood as a continuous circle controlled by the heart, [but it went] unnoticed in the West.

(A) but it went

(B) but it was

(C) although it was

(D) but the discovery went

(E) although the discovery was

■ Gsc3-9 ■ 230423sun

 Many psychologists and sociologists now contend that the deliberate and even brutal aggression integral to some forms of competitive athletics [increase the likelihood of imitative violence that erupts] among crowds of spectators dominated by young adult males.

(A) increase the likelihood of imitative violence that erupts

(B) increase the likelihood that there will be an eruption of imitative violence

(C) increase the likelihood of imitative violence erupting

(D) increases the likelihood for imitative violence to erupt

(E) increases the likelihood that imitative violence will erupt

■ Gsc3-8 ■ 230419wed

Studies of the human "sleep-wake cycle" have practical relevance for matters ranging from duty assignments in nuclear submarines and air-traffic control towers [to the staff of] shifts in 24-hour factories.

(A) to the staff of

(B) to those who staff

(C) to the staffing of

(D) and staffing

(E) and the staff of

■ Gsc3-7 ■ 230416sun

As many as 300 of [the 720 paintings attributed to Rembrandt may] actually be the works of his students or other admirers.

(A) the 720 paintings attributed to Rembrandt may

(B) the 720 paintings attributed to be Rembrandt's might

(C) the 720 paintings that were attributed to be by Rembrandt may

(D) the 720 Rembrandt paintings that were once attributed to him might

(E) Rembrandt's paintings, although 720 were once attributed to him, may

■ Gsc3-6 ■ 230412wed

Because young children do not organize their attention or perceptions systematically, [like adults], they may notice and remember details that their elders ignore.

(A) like adults

(B) unlike an adult

(C) as adults

(D) as adults do

(E) as an adult

■ Gsc3-5 ■ 230409sun

By studying the primitive visual systems of single-cell aquatic organisms, [biophysicists have discovered a striking similarity between algae and cows], a similarity that indicates the common evolutionary origin of plants and animals: both algae and cows produce a light-sensitive protein called rhodopsin.

(A) biophysicists have discovered a striking similarity between algae and cows

(B) a striking similarity between algae and cows has been discovered by biophysicists

(C) there is a striking similarity that biophysicists have discovered between algae and cows

(D) the discovery of a striking similarity between algae and cows was made by biophysicists

(E) algae and cows have a striking similarity that was discovered by biophysicists

■ Gsc3-3 ■ 230402sun

 It was the loss of revenue from declines in tourism that in 1935 led the Saudi [authorities' granting a concession for oil exploration to the company that would later be known by the name] of Aramco.

(A) authorities' granting a concession for oil exploration to the company that would later be known by the name of

(B) authorities' granting a concession for oil exploration to the company later to be known as named

(C) authorities granting a concession for oil exploration to the company that would later be known by the name of

(D) authorities to grant a concession for oil exploration to the company that later will be known as being

(E) authorities to grant a concession for oil exploration to the company later to be known as

■ Gsc3-2 ■ 230402sun

Most victims of infectious mononucleosis recover after a few weeks of listlessness, [but an unlucky few may suffer] for years.

(A) but an unlucky few may suffer

(B) and an unlucky few have suffered

(C) that an unlucky few might suffer

(D) that a few being unlucky may suffer

(E) but a few who, being unlucky, suffered

■ Gsc3-1 ■ 230326sun

During the first one hundred fifty years of the existence of this republic, no one expected the press [was] fair; newspapers were mostly shrill, scurrilous, and partisan.

(A) was

(B) to be

(C) of being

(D) should be

(E) had to be

■ Gsc2-40 ■ 230322wed

The Mormons' interest in genealogy stems from [a belief as to family relationships being intended

to remain] eternal.

(A) a belief as to family relationships being intended to remain

(B) beliefs that family relationships are intended that they be

(C) a belief that family relationships are intended to be

(D) their believing that family relationships intend to remain

(E) beliefs in family relationships intended to be

■ Gsc2-39 ■ 230319sun

Unlike grains, cotton, or tobacco, [spoilage is so quick with peanuts that farmers cannot store

them from year to year].

(A) spoilage is so quick with peanuts that farmers cannot store them from year to year

(B) because of quick spoilage, farmers cannot store peanuts from year to year

(C) farmers cannot store peanuts from year to year because they spoil so quickly

(D) peanuts cannot be stored by farmers from year to year because of quick spoilage

(E) peanuts spoil so quickly that farmers cannot store them from year to year

■ Gsc2-38 ■ 230315wed

Most meteoroids are reduced to small fragments when they encounter the lower layers of the

Earth's atmosphere because [of air friction's producing heat which melts away surface material].

(A) of air friction's producing heat which melts away surface material

(B) of heat produced by air friction melting away surface material

(C) heat is produced by air friction, which melts away their surface material

(D) the heat produced by air friction melts away their surface material

(E) surface material is melted away by air friction's producing heat

■ Gsc2-37 ■ 230312sun

Because the pesticide has been found to cause birth defects and fetal death in some animals, the federal Environmental Protection Agency is now considering [whether the evidence warrants restricting its use or removing it] from the market entirely.

(A) whether the evidence warrants restricting its use or removing it

(B) whether there is evidence that warrants a restriction of use or removal

(C) whether or not the evidence warrants restrictions of use or removing

(D) if there is evidence that warrants restriction of its use or removing it

(E) if the evidence warrants that its use be restricted or that it be removed

■ Gsc2-36 ■ 230308wed

Corporate finance committees do not plan the detailed activities of the various divisions in a

large firm, but [by their allocation of investment funds they make strategic judgments as to where the firm should expand].

(A) by their allocation of investment funds they make strategic judgments as to where the firm should expand

(B) when they allocate investment funds, they make strategic judgments about where the firm might be expanding

(C) they make strategic judgments on where the firm should expand when they allocate investment funds

(D) by allocating investment funds, they will make strategic judgments about where the firm might be expanding

(E) allocations of investments funds as to where the firm should expand are their exercise in strategic judgment

■ Gsc2-35 ■ 230305sun

When scrap steel is recycled, energy is saved in the mining, transportation, and [processing of not only iron ore but also of coal and limestone].

(A) processing of not only iron ore but also of coal and limestone

(B) processing not only of iron ore but also of coal and limestone

(C) processing not only of iron ore but also coal and limestone

(D) the processing of not only iron ore but of coal and limestone as well

(E) the processing of not iron ore only but of coal and limestone as well

■ Gsc2-34 ■ 230301wed

[Rejecting its argument that the Masters Dog Training Club's primary aim was to teach people to train dogs, the court ruled the club ineligible for tax exemption as an educational group].

(A) Rejecting its argument that the Masters Dog Training Club's primary aim was to teach people to train dogs, the court ruled the club ineligible for tax exemption as an educational group.

(B) In rejecting the Masters Dog Training Club's argument that their primary aim was to teach people to train dogs, the court ruled the club ineligible to be exempted of taxes as an educational group .

(C) Rejecting the argument that the primary aim of the Masters Dog Training Club was to teach people to train dogs, the court ruled that the club was ineligible for exemption from taxes as an educational group.

(D) The club was not to be exempted of taxes as an educational group, ruled the court by rejecting its argument that the primary aim of the Masters Dog Training Club was teaching people to train dogs.

(E) The court ruled the Masters Dog Training Club not eligible to be exempted from taxes as an educational group, rejecting the argument that the primary aim was to teach people to train dogs.

■ Gsc2-33 ■ 230226sun

According to a government study, the lush swamps and marshes of the Mississippi delta, among the finest wetlands in the world, are vanishing at a rate of 39 square miles a year, [as fast as two and a half times the rate that was] previously thought.

(A) as fast as two and a half times the rate that was

(B) two and a half times as fast as it had been

(C) two and a half times faster than

(D) a rate two and a half times as fast as

(E) which is a rate two and a half times faster than had been

■ Gsc2-32 ■ 230222wed

History has not been kind to Sara Teasdale, but she won a Pulitzer award and saw a book of her verse on the best-seller list, a feat [none of the poets of today will likely duplicate].

(A) none of the poets of today will likely duplicate

(B) no poet today is likely to duplicate

(C) no poet today will likely duplicate

(D) poets of today are not likely to reduplicate

(E) likely to be unduplicated by poets of today

■ Gsc2-31 ■ 230219sun

Since laws reflect the concerns and values of their creators, the greater the differences between those [making the laws and those expected to obey the laws means a greater] probability of violations.

(A) making the laws and those expected to obey the laws means a greater

(B) making the laws and those expected to obey them increases the

(C) making the laws and those expected to obey them, the greater

(D) who make the laws and those who are expected to obey the laws, the greater the

(E) who make the laws and those who are expected to obey the laws increases the

■ Gsc2-30 ■ 230215wed

[Millions of workers have jobs that are able to be done as well at home as at the office, instead of

consuming the gasoline used to get to work.].

(A) Millions of workers have jobs that are able to be done as well at home as at the office, instead of consuming the gasoline used to get to work.

(B) Millions of workers have jobs that can be done as well at home as the office, rather than consume the gasoline they must use to get to work.

(C) Instead of consuming the gasoline used to get to work, millions of workers have jobs that are able to be done as well at home as at the office.

(D) Rather than consume the gasoline used to get to work, millions of workers can do their jobs as well at home as the office.

(E) Instead of using gasoline to get to work, millions of workers could do their jobs as well at home as at the office.

■ Gsc2-29 ■ 230212sun

[The rate of metabolism reactions of an organism of a complex nature is limited by the rate at which] waste products are removed through the animal's specialized circulatory and excretory systems.

(A) The rate of metabolism reactions of an organism of a complex nature is limited by the rate at which

(B) The rate of metabolic reactions in a complex organism is limited by the rate at which

(C) The rate of metabolism reactions in a complex organism are limited by the rate which

(D) A complex organism's rate of metabolic reactions are limited by the rate at which

(E) A complex organism's rate of metabolism reactions is limited by the rate at which

■ Gsc2-28 ■ 230208wed

In the Ann Arbor court case, the parents of fifteen Black children successfully brought suit against the school system for, first of all, failing to take the children's vernacular into account in teaching them, and [secondary, for their failure that the children did not learn] to read Standard English.

(A) secondary, for their failure that the children did not learn

(B) secondly, for their failure to teach the children

(C) secondly, that they failed and the children did not learn

(D) second, that they failed to teach the children

(E) second, failing to teach the children

■ Gsc2-27 ■ 230205sun

The versions of Spanish spoken in Madrid and in Buenos Aires are [as distinct one from the other as] the kinds of English spoken in Edinburgh and in Atlanta.

(A) as distinct one from the other as

(B) as distinct from each other as

(C) distinctive from one another as are

(D) distinctive from each other as are

(E) as distinctive one from the other as

■ Gsc2-26 ■ 230201wed

 To Adam Smith, economics was thought to have much to teach about the creation of wealth but relatively little about its distribution.

(A) To Adam Smith, economics was thought to have

(B) To Adam Smith's belief, economics has

(C) Adam Smith believed that economics had

(D) To Adam Smith's belief, economics had

(E) Economics, to Adam Smith's belief, has

■ 解法のテクニック ■

基本英作テクニック。Concisenessで考えると（英文はSVが軸）。。。？

■ Gsc2-25 ■230129sun

Baseball is unique [for the major sports because it is the only ball game in which the team does not have possession of the ball on offense] .

(A) for the major sports because it is the only ball game in which the team does not have possession of the ball on offense

(B) for the major sports in that it is the only ball game that the team on offense does not have possession of the ball

(C) among major sports as the only ball game that the team on offense does not have possession of the ball

(D) among major sports in that it is the only ball game in which the team on offense does not have possession of the ball

(E) among the major sports by being the only ball game in which the team does not have possession of the ball on offense

■ Gsc2-24 ■191021mon

World oil prices would have to rise before companies could recover the costs of extracting Alaskan natural gas, [transportation to the Alaska coast, where it will go to processing plants there], and shipping it to markets in the lower United States.

(A) transportation to the Alaska coast, where it will go to processing plants there

(B) transportation to Alaska coast processing plants

(C) of transportation to processing plants on the Alaska coast

(D) transporting it to the Alaska coast, where it will go to processing plants there

(E) transporting it to processing plants on the Alaska coast

■ Gsc2-23 ■ 230122sun

President Carter urged that women as well as men be required to register for the draft.

(A) as well as men be

(B) as well as men are to be

(C) just as men ought to be

(D) like men should be

(E) like men are to be

■ Gsc2-22 ■ 230118wed

An agrarian society such as the United States at the close of the eighteenth century could produce the food [needed so that they could sustain themselves, but not the tools for advancement and competition] with other nations.

(A) needed so that they could sustain themselves, but not the tools for advancement and competition

(B) needed for sustaining themselves, but not produce the tools for advancement and competition

(C) necessary to sustain themselves, but not the tools to advance and compete

(D) necessary to sustain itself, but not the tools to advance and compete

(E) necessary for it to sustain itself, but not produce the tools to advance and compete

■ Gsc2-21 ■ 230111

[Like that of Haydn] , Schubert also wrote a great deal for the stage, but he is remembered principally for his concert-hall and chamber music.

(A) Like that of Haydn

(B) Like Haydn's music

(C) Similar to Haydn's music

(D) Similar to Haydn

(E) Like Haydn

■ Gsc2-20 ■ 230111wed

Legislators from the state senate and assembly agreed on a bill to allow registered nurses who are specially trained to diagnose and treat illnesses without the direct supervision of a physician.

(A) to allow registered nurses who are specially trained to diagnose and treat

(B) to allow registered nurses with special training for diagnosing and treating

(C) allowing specially trained registered nurses to diagnose and treat

(D) that allows registered nurses who are trained specially to diagnose and treat

(E) that will allow those registered nurses who have been specially trained to diagnose

and treat

■ Gsc2-18 ■ 230108sun

Although low in per capita income, India is [among the ten most industrialized nations, among the only seven countries that have launched their own earth satellites, and among] the three countries that have the largest pools of technically trained persons.

(A) among the only seven countries that have launched their own earth satellites, and among

(B) the only seven countries to have launched their own earth satellites, and

(C) among the only seven countries to have launched their own earth satellites, and

(D) the seven countries that are the only ones that launched their own earth satellites, and

(E) the seven countries that have been the only ones to launch their own earth satellites, and

■ Gsc2-19 ■230104

When bitter managerial conflicts plague a small company, [conflicts that in the past might have led to dissolution of the business, executives are likely to] turn to outside professional counselors to help resolve disagreements.

(A) conflicts plague a small company, conflicts that in the past might have led to dissolution of the business, executives are likely to

(B) conflicts plague a small company, conflicts that might have in the past led to its dissolution, executives likely will

(C) conflicts plague a small company, which in the past might have led to the business' dissolution, executives are liable to

(D) conflicts, which in the past might have led to dissolution of the business, plague a small company, executives are liable to

(E) conflicts, which in the past might have led to its dissolution, plague a small company, executives tend to

■ Gsc2-17 ■ 230102

The profile of the typical family in the United States is changing: a recent study shows that for the past decade, more children [had mothers who were employed than had not].

(A) had mothers who were employed than had not

(B) have had employed mothers than had not

(C) had employed mothers than not

(D) than not have had mothers who were employed

(E) than not had mothers employed

■ Gsc2-16 ■ 221228wed

Much of the hope for continued improvement of the economy lies in the projection of increasing consumer spending this year.

(A) projection of increasing consumer spending

(B) projection of consumers increasing spending for

(C) projected consumer spending increase

(D) consumer spending that is projected to increase

(E) increase in consumer spending that is projected for

■ Gsc2-15 ■221225sun

 Reports that a carcinogenic substance, ethylene dibromide, [has been found in flour, pancake mixes, and other widely used food products is] being investigated by the Environmental Protection Agency.

(A) has been found in flour, pancake mixes, and other widely used food products is

(B) has been found in flour, pancake mixes, and other widely used food products are

(C) was found in flour, pancake mixes, and other widely used food products is

(D) that was found in flour, pancake mixes, and other widely used food products is

(E) that has been found in flour, pancake mixes, and other widely used food products are

■ Gsc2-14 ■221221wed

In twelfth-century Baghdad, Shuhda became a great religious scholar, and [men as well as women had attended her lectures].

(A) men as well as women had attended her lectures

(B) there were men who attended her lectures as well as women

(C) men as well as women attended her lectures

(D) her lectures were given to men as well as women

(E) her lectures were given to both men and women

■ Gsc2-13 ■221218sun

The average human life span is [less than forty years, except in areas where] improvements in health care and preventive medicine have raised life expectancy to past the age of seventy.

(A) less than forty years, except in areas where

(B) fewer than forty years, excepting in areas where

(C) less than forty years, excepting in areas in which

(D) fewer than forty years, except for those areas that

(E) less than forty years, excepting for those areas in which

■ Gsc2-12 221214wed

The huge painted temples, the canals and cause-ways, the palaces and markets, the orderliness and cleanliness?everything about Tenochtitlan [impressed Cortes so that he compared] it favorably with the great cities of Spain.

(A) impressed Cortes so that he compared

(B) so impressed Cortes to compare

(C) were impressive enough to Cortes so that he compared

(D) so impressed Cortes that he compared

(E) impressed Cortes so as to compare

■ Gsc2-11 ■221211sun

Pediatricians [ having observed the practice of both older and younger colleagues contend that older pediatricians are likely to overlook evidence of child abuse and they therefore diagnose ] it less often.

(A) having observed the practice of both older and younger colleagues contend that older pediatricians are likely to overlook evidence of child abuse and they therefore diagnose

(B) having observed the practice of both older and younger colleagues contend that older pediatricians likely overlook evidence of child abuse and therefore diagnose

(C) who have observed the practice of both older and younger colleagues contend that the older pediatrician is likely to overlook evidence of child abuse and they therefore diagnose

(D) who have observed the practice of both older and younger colleagues contend that the older pediatrician likely overlooks evidence of child abuse and therefore they diagnose

(E) who have observed the practice of both older and younger colleagues contend that the older pediatrician is likely to overlook evidence of child abuse and therefore diagnoses

■ Gsc2-10 ■221207wed

Many savings and loan institutions are suffering because they are forced to pay at least 10 percent [or more interest to attract deposits and carry many mortgages not earning] 9 percent.

(A) or more interest to attract deposits and carry many mortgages not earning

(B) or more interest to attract deposits but carry many mortgages that earn less than

(C) interest to attract deposits while carrying many mortgages that earn less than

(D) interest for attracting deposits while carrying many mortgages not earning

(E) interest for attracting deposits but carry many mortgages that earn less than

■ Gsc2-9 ■221204sun

 [Decaying at the present rate, experts say that the Great Sphinx could be reduced by desert winds and corrosive salts to dust in five or six centuries.]

(A) Decaying at the present rate, experts say that the Great Sphinx could be reduced by desert winds and corrosive salts to dust in five or six centuries.

(B) Decaying at the present rate, desert winds and corrosive salts could reduce the Great Sphinx to dust in five or six centuries, experts say.

(C) At the present rate of decay, in five or six centuries experts say the Great Sphinx could be reduced by desert winds and corrosive salts to dust.

(D) At the present rate of decay, desert winds and corrosive salts in five or six centuries, experts say, could reduce the Great Sphinx to dust.

(E) At the present rate of decay, experts say, the Great Sphinx could be reduced to dust in five or six centuries by desert winds and corrosive salts.

■ Gsc2-7 ■ 221127sun

[The ambassador rarely has] great importance in the age of telecommunications; since virtually all policies are made in their own countries, their jobs entail more show than substance.

(A) The ambassador rarely has

(B) It is rare that an ambassador is of

(C) Rare are the ambassadors having

(D) It is rare that there is an ambassador who has

(E) Ambassadors rarely have

■ Gsc2-6 ■221123wed

High-yield grains require large quantities of fertilizer and pesticides, extensive irrigation systems, and [ever more expensive fuel for pumping] water and running machinery.

(A) ever more expensive fuel for pumping

(B) ever more expensive fuels that pump

(C) more and more expensive fuel pumping

(D) fuel, ever more expensive, pumping

(E) fuels, ever more expensive, that pump

■ Gsc2-5 ■221120sun

The proposals for commercial and residential building in the area have been scaled down because of a disagreement between commercial planners [and the regional planning commission over if continued growth will hasten the decline of] neighboring cities.

(A) and the regional planning commission over if continued growth will hasten the decline of

(B) with the regional planning commission over if continued growth will hasten decline in

(C) and the regional planning commission over whether continued growth will hasten the decline of

(D) with the regional planning commission over whether continued growth will hasten the declension in

(E) and the regional planning commission about continued growth hastening declension in

■ Gsc2-3 ■221113sun

Approximately 200 companies in the United States are now using the new technology of gene splicing to make products that [may be able someday to do everything from boosting crop growth to the treatment of] cancer.

(A) may be able someday to do everything from boosting crop growth to the treatment of

(B) may someday be able to do everything from boosting crop growth to treating

(C) someday can perhaps do everything from the boosting of crop growth to treating

(D) can, perhaps, someday do everything from the boosting of the growth of crops to treating

(E) can someday perhaps do everything from boosting the growth of crops to the treatment of

■ Gsc2-2 ■221109wed

The glittering wealth of Venice was attributable [not so much to exotic spices as to commonplace salt], a commodity Venetians exchanged in Constantinople for the spices of Asia.

(A) not so much to exotic spices as to commonplace salt,

(B) not so much to exotic spices but rather it was to commonplace salt,

(C) to commonplace salt rather than so much to exotic spices

(D) to commonplace salt not so much as to exotic spices,

(E) not to exotic spices so much as to commonplace salt, and

■ Gsc2-1 ■221106sun

By the end of the Civil War there were 179,000 Black soldiers in the Union army, and, together with Blacks in the navy, [having accounted for nearly] 10 percent of the Union's armed forces.

(A) having accounted for nearly

(B) they accounted for nearly

(C) it accounted for near

(D) accounting for up to nearly

(E) they had accounted for near

■ Gsc1-40 ■221031wed

As late as the eighteenth century, the rank of guests at a banquet was gauged as to where they sat relative to an often elaborate saltcellar on the table.

(A) as to where they sat relative to

(B) as to where they would sit relative with

(C) by where they would sit relative with

(D) by where they sat in relation to

(E) in where they sat in relation to

■ Gsc1-40 ■221031wed

As late as the eighteenth century, the rank of guests at a banquet was gauged as to where they sat relative to an often elaborate saltcellar on the table.

(A) as to where they sat relative to

(B) as to where they would sit relative with

(C) by where they would sit relative with

(D) by where they sat in relation to

(E) in where they sat in relation to

■ Gsc1-39 ■221030sun

County waste disposal site selection has been a bitter debate between local municipalities, the board of county commissioners, and neighbors of the proposed sites.

(A) County waste disposal site selection has been a bitter debate between

(B) There has been a bitter debate over county waste disposal site selection by

(C) Waste disposal site selection in the county has been a bitter debate between

(D) Selection of a site for the disposal of wastes in the county has caused bitter debate among

(E) Site selection for waste disposal in the county has been a bitter debate among

■ Gsc1-38 ■221026wed

Of all the great non-Western classical music traditions, India is perhaps best known to American audiences.

(A) India is perhaps best known to American audiences

(B) American audiences perhaps know India the best

(C) India's is the one that is perhaps better known to American audiences

(D) India's is perhaps the one best known to American audiences

(E) that of India is perhaps the one better known to American audiences

■ Gsc1-37 ■221023sun

The pattern of economic crisis in the developing countries is ominously familiar to what happened in the industrial countries in the Great Depression.

(A) familiar to what happened

(B) similar with the occurrences

(C) reminiscent of what happened

(D) familiar to the occurrences

(E) reminiscent to what happened

■ Gsc1-36 ■221019wed

Heavy and prolonged use of cocaine can lead to psychological dependence, the symptoms of which are similar to narcotics dependence.

(A) the symptoms of which are similar to narcotics dependence

(B) the symptoms of which are similar to those of dependence on narcotics

(C) which in symptoms are similar to those of dependence on narcotics

(D) which has the symptoms similar to those of narcotics dependence

(E) which has symptoms similar to narcotics dependence

■ Gsc1-35 ■221016sun

Dr. Shirmer was cited for her pioneering research on [the interacting of disease agents with their carriers].

(A) the interacting of disease agents with their carriers

(B) disease agents' interactions with their carriers

(C) the interaction of disease agents and their carriers

(D) disease agents, their carriers, and their interaction

(E) carriers and their interaction with disease agents

■ Gsc1-34 ■221012wed

Under Sweden's antiquities law, when farmers building a new barn will strike a Viking site, they cannot complete the building until an archaeologist excavates the site at the farmer's expense.

(A) when farmers building a new barn will strike a Viking site, they

(B) farmers building a new barn and striking a Viking site

(C) farmers building a new barn, when they strike a Viking site,

(D) should a farmer who is building a new barn have struck a Viking site, they

(E) a farmer who strikes a Viking site while building a new barn

■ Gsc1-33 ■221009sun

There seems to be a broad range of international policy issues on which [the views of France's Socialist president are more compatible with President Reagan's than were those of his predecessor].

(A) the views of France's Socialist president are more compatible with President Reagan's than were those of his predecessor

(B) the views of France's Socialist president seem more compatible with those of President Reagan than were those of his predecessor's

(C) the views of France's Socialist president seem more compatible with those of President Reagan than his predecessor's

(D) France's Socialist president's views are more compatible with President Reagan's than his predecessor's

(E) France's Socialist president's views seem more compatible with President Reagan's than those of his predecessor

■ Gsc1-31 ■221002sun

[Both Muslims and Karaites face toward a holy city while praying, but unlike the Muslims that turn toward Mecca, the Karaites turn] toward Jerusalem.

(A) Both Muslims and Karaites face toward a holy city while praying, but unlike the Muslims that turn

(B) Muslims and Karaites face toward a holy city while praying, but unlike the Muslims turning

(C) Like Muslims, Karaites face toward a holy city while praying, but unlike them turning

(D) Similar to Muslims, Karaites face toward a holy city while praying too, and whereas the Muslims turn

(E) Like Muslims, Karaites face toward a holy city while praying, but whereas the Muslims turn

■Gsc1-30■ 220928wed

 Although it is the parent who is at fault in neglect and abuse cases, it is the children that are shipped off either to an institution or turned into an orphan, and that is left to wander from one foster home to the next.

(A) children that are shipped off either to an institution or turned into an orphan, and that is left to wander from one foster home to the next

(B) children that are either shipped off to an institution or turned into orphans and left to wander from one foster home to the other

(C) children who may be either shipped off to an institution or turned into orphans, and that are left to wander from one foster home to the next

(D) child who is either shipped off to an institution or turned into an orphan, left to wander from one foster home to another

(E) child who may either be shipped off to an institution or turned into an orphan, left wandering from one foster home to another

■Gsc1-28■ 220921wed

 According to Einstein's theory of relativity, light rays are deflected by the gravity of a nearby massive body, an observable effect as a star appears to shift position when its light passes near the Sun.

(A) an observable effect as a star appears to shift position when

(B) an effect observed as the appearance of a shift in the position of a star while

(C) an effect that can be observed when a star appears to shift position as

(D) which can be observed when a star appears to shift its position during the time

(E) observable when a star appears to undergo a shift in position while

■Gsc1-27■220918sun

 The Egyptian Coptic church, one of the oldest Christian communities in the world, traces its spiritual heritage to the preaching of St. Mark, and owing to a fourth-century theological dispute they have had little contact with the rest of the world's Christians for more than fifteen hundred years.

(A) and owing to a fourth-century theological dispute they have had

(B) but because of a fourth-century theological dispute it has had

(C) but owing to a fourth-century theological dispute they have had

(D) but on account of a fourth-century theological dispute there has been

(E) and due to the fact that there was a fourth-century theological dispute there was

■Gsc1-26■ 220914wed

The controversy over if women are to register for the draft was rekindled by the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan.

(A) over if women are to register

(B) over whether women should register

(C) about if women should register

(D) about whether women will register

(E) about women being registered

■Gsc1-25■ 220911sun

When high interest rates cause the value of the United States dollar to rise relative to other countries, it makes the exports of other countries become cheaper to buy in the United States and United States exports become more expensive in other countries.

(A) countries, it makes the exports of other countries become

(B) countries, both the exports of other countries become

(C) currencies, it makes the exports of other countries

(D) currencies, it both makes the exports of other countries become

(E) currencies, the exports of other countries become

■Gsc1-24■ 220907wed

It was the demand for labor in the burgeoning industries of the United States that obliged its leaders, sometimes grudgingly, to open the ports of the country to the people of Europe.

(A) that obliged its leaders, sometimes grudgingly, to open

(B) obliging its leaders, grudgingly at times, that they open

(C) that had obliged its leaders, sometimes grudgingly, who opened

(D) having obliged its leaders, at times grudgingly, to open

(E) that has obliged its leaders, sometimes grudgingly, opening

■Gsc1-23■ 220904sun

Considered the greatest of Dutch landscape artists, "View of Haarlem" was painted by van Ruisdael about 1670.

(A) "View of Haarlem" was painted by van Ruisdael

(B) "View of Haarlem" was a painting of van Ruisdael's done

(C) the painter of "View of Haarlem" was van Ruisdael

(D) van Ruisdael painted "View of Haarlem"

(E) van Ruisdael's "View of Haarlem" was painted

■Gsc1-22■ 220831wed

High-yield grains are particularly vulnerable to insects and disease.

(A) particularly vulnerable to

(B) in particular vulnerable to

(C) particularly vulnerable against

(D) in particular vulnerable from

(E) vulnerable particularly against

■Gsc1-21■220828sun

The notion of multiple personalities was always more readily accepted in popular books and movies than psychiatrists and other doctors did.

(A) than psychiatrists and other doctors did

(B) than it was by psychiatrists and other doctors

(C) as did psychiatrists and other doctors

(D) as it was by psychiatrists and other doctors

(E) than do psychiatrists and other doctors

■Gsc1-20 ■ 220824wed

 [Covered with low shrubs, the quality of the land along the seashore is sandy and unsuitable for agricultural use].

(A) Covered with low shrubs, the quality of the land along the seashore is sandy and unsuitable for agricultural use.

(B) Covered with low shrubs, the land along the seashore is sandy and unsuitable for agriculture.

(C) The land along the seashore, covered with low shrubs, is sandy and has a quality unsuitable for agricultural use.

(D) The land along the seashore is covered with low shrubs, sandy, and is unsuitable for agriculture.

(E) The quality of the land along the seashore, covered with low shrubs, is sandy and unsuitable for agricultural use.

■Gsc1-19■ 220821sun

As vital as their igloos, which permit the Innuits to live in reasonable comfort in an icy land, and just as ingenious, [are their winter clothing, so perfect in design and material that the Innuits are made nearly impervious against] any arctic weather.

(A) are their winter clothing, so perfect in design and material that the Innuits are made nearly impervious against

(B) are the winter clothing of the Innuits, so perfect in design and material that they are made nearly impervious to

(C) is their winter clothing, so perfect in design and material that it makes them nearly impervious to

(D) is the winter clothing of the Innuits, so perfect in design and material as to make them nearly impervious against

(E) has been the winter clothing of the Innuits, so perfect in design and material as to be made nearly impervious to

■Gsc1-17■ 220814sun

Compared with the nuclear arsenal of the United States, [the Soviet Union has fewer but considerably larger intercontinental warheads at its disposal].

(A) the Soviet Union has fewer but considerably larger intercontinental warheads at its disposal

(B) the Soviet Union has at its disposal less numerous but considerably larger intercontinental warheads

(C) the intercontinental warheads at the Soviet Union's disposal are less numerous but considerably larger

(D) the Soviet Union's less numerous but considerably larger intercontinental warheads are at its disposal

(E) there are less numerous but considerably larger intercontinental warheads at the Soviet Union's disposal

■Gsc1-16■ 220810wed

On a Chippewa reservation in Wisconsin, young members of the tribe are using computers [for learning their ancient language that was nearly forgotten].

(A) for learning their ancient language that was nearly forgotten

(B) for learning their ancient language that they nearly forgot

(C) to learn their ancient-language, which they nearly forgot

(D) to learn their ancient and nearly forgotten language

(E) to learn their language that was ancient and nearly forgotten

■Gsc1-15 ■ 220807sun

A summary of both the Uniform Crime Reports of the Federal Bureau of Investigation and the victimization reports for the last decade [show that while the number of] police reports of serious crime has risen steadily, the number of victims of crime remains about the same.

(A) show that while the number of

(B) show while

(C) shows that while

(D) shows while the number of

(E) shows that while the number of

■Gsc1-14■ 220803wed

The tissues of the human body are constantly moistened by a briny solution thought [to be of about the same salinity as the primordial sea from which] life emerged.

(A) to be of about the same salinity as the primordial sea from which

(B) of as about the same salinity like the primordial sea out of which

(C) to be about the same salinity as the primordial sea from where

(D) of as about the same salinity as the primordial sea from where

(E) to be of about the same salinity like the primordial sea from which

■Gsc1-14■ 220803wed

The tissues of the human body are constantly moistened by a briny solution thought [to be of about the same salinity as the primordial sea from which] life emerged.

(A) to be of about the same salinity as the primordial sea from which

(B) of as about the same salinity like the primordial sea out of which

(C) to be about the same salinity as the primordial sea from where

(D) of as about the same salinity as the primordial sea from where

(E) to be of about the same salinity like the primordial sea from which

■Gsc1-12　220727wed

Syosz argues that in the Dreyfus case the judicial system was used to convict a demonstrably innocent man but that in the Draper case the judicial system [had been used for exonerating a person who can be demonstrated to be guilty].

(A) had been used for exonerating a person who can be demonstrated to be guilty

(B) was used for exonerating a person who could be demonstrated to be guilty

(C) has been used to exonerate a person who had been a demonstrably guilty one

(D) was used to exonerate a demonstrably guilty one

(E) has been used for the exoneration of a demonstrably guilty person

■Gsc1-11■220724sun

The newspaper story accurately recounted the history of the colonial [mansion, that it contained thirteen rooms, and that it had a reputation for being a haunted house].

(A) mansion, that it contained thirteen rooms, and that it had a reputation for being a haunted house

(B) mansion, that it contained thirteen rooms, and that it had a reputation of being haunted

(C) mansion, that the mansion contained thirteen rooms, and said that it had a reputation for being haunted

(D) mansion, said that it contained thirteen rooms and had a reputation for being a haunted house

(E) mansion and said that the mansion contained thirteen rooms and had the reputation of being haunted

Gsc1-10■220720wed

[ Although the Arabs in Israel are allowed to vote in Israeli elections, only about ten percent do so ].

(A) Although the Arabs in Israel are allowed to vote in Israeli elections, only about ten percent do so.

(B) Although it is allowed, only about ten percent of the Arabs in Israel vote in Israeli elections.

(C) Even though they are allowed to do it, only about ten percent of the Arabs in Israel vote in Israeli elections.

(D) Only about ten percent of the Arabs in Israel vote in Israeli elections, despite being allowed to.

(E) Only about ten percent of the Arabs in Israel vote in Israeli elections, in spite of their being allowed to do so.

Gsc1-09 220717sun

On the average, meat and fish represent 21 percent of an American's diet but only 8 percent of [ Russians ].

(A) Russians

(B) a diet in Russia

(C) the diet of the Russian's

(D) the diet of the Russians

(E) a Russian's

Gsc1-07■220710sun

When doctors attempt to diagnose an illness, they look for ways in which the patient's symptoms resemble those of one disease and are different than those of another.

(A) and are different than those of another

(B) and differs from others

(C) and differ from those of others

(D) but are different than that of the other

(E) but are different from those of the others

Gsc1-06 220706wed

The price of rice, which was fourteen dollars a hundredweight in 1981, will plunge, so it is expected, to a mere seven or eight dollars this year.

(A) will plunge, so it is expected, to a mere

(B) will plunge, so the expectation is, to merely

(C) is to plunge, as expected, to merely

(D) is to plunge, as is expected, to a mere

(E) is expected to plunge to a mere

■Gsc1-04 220619wed

[The economic problem Puerto Rico has is, properly characterized, a surplus of labor, not overpopulation, and it only was] aggravated when the massive influx of capital that took place under Operation Bootstrap resulted in a notable decline in the demand for labor.

(A) The economic problem Puerto Rico has is, properly characterized, a surplus of labor, not overpopulation, and it only was

(B) Properly characterized, the economic problem Peen Rico has is a surplus of labor, not overpopulation, and it only was

(C) The economic problem of Puerto Rico is properly characterized not as overpopulation but as a surplus of labor, which was only

(D) The economic problem of Puerto Rico is, properly characterized, a surplus of labor, not overpopulation, which only was

(E) Puerto Rico has, properly characterized, the economic problem of a surplus of labor, not overpopulation, and it was only

■Gsc1-03 220625sun

Mary Allenbee's lawyer decided that [the names of those who received her large political contributions not to be revealed] to the congressional investigators.

(A) the names of those who received her large political contributions not to be revealed

(B) the names of the recipients of her large political contributions would not be revealed

(C) the names of those who had received her large political contributions was not to be revealed

(D) there would be no revelation of the names of those recipients of her large political contributions

(E) the names of those who had received her large political contributions was not going to be revealed

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★ Grammar

★ Conciseness

■Gsc1-02 220622wed

The papers in the National Archives recounting the experiences of some 200,000 Black men who joined the Union forces during the Civil War have been prepared [to be published by] the historian Ira Berlin.

(A) to be published by

(B) for publication by

(C) for publishing by

(D) as the publication of

(E) for the publication by

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★ Clarity

★ Diction

■Gsc1-01 220619sun

Real family income excluding the effects of inflation, [has rapidly risen from 1960 up to 1970 but virtually does not change from 1970 up] to 1980.

(A) has rapidly risen from 1960 up to 1970 but virtually does not change from 1970 up

(B) arose with rapidity from 1960 up to 1970 and was virtually unchanged from 1970 up

(C) rose with rapidity from 1960 to 1970 and virtually is unchangeable from 1970

(D) rose rapidly from 1960 to 1970 but was virtually unchanged from 1970

(E) rapidly rises from 1960 to 1970 and virtually is unchangeable from 1970

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★ Parallelism: from-to

★ Tense

■ Gsc8-30 ■ 220615wed

Senior executives of the Elektra Corporation have decided on undertaking a revised strategy that will be likely to put greater emphasis on the firm's merchant banking activities than on securities trading.

(A) on undertaking a revised strategy that will be

(B) on undertaking a revision of strategy that is

(C) on undertaking a revised strategy that would be

(D) to undertake a revised strategy that is

(E) to undertake a revision of strategy that would be

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★ Diction: be likely to

■ Gsc8-29 ■  220610sun

 While consumer groups have become alarmed over the high rates of interest on purchases made with certain credit cards, there has been no significant decline in demanding or using them.

(A) no significant decline in demanding or using them

(B) no significant decline in the demand for or use of such cards

(C) neither a significant decline in the demand for, nor in the use of them

(D) a significant decline neither in demanding such cards, nor in the use of them

(E) a significant decline neither in demanding or using such cards

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★ Parallelism: neither nor

★ Diction

■ Gsc8-28 ■ 220609wed

 In the United States, more than half of all arrests for serious crimes against property are [of 20 year olds or younger].

(A) of 20 year olds or younger

(B) 20 years old or younger

(C) of persons 20 years old or younger

(D) persons 20 years old or less

(E) 20 years old or less

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★ Trick!

★ Parallelism

■ Gsc8-27 ■ 220605sun

[The Statue of Liberty’s defects in its supporting structure that led to its deterioration] have been corrected, according to a firm of consulting engineers.

(A) The Statue of Liberty’s defects in its supporting structure that led to its deterioration

(B) The Statue of Liberty’s defects in its supporting structure, leading to its deterioration

(C) Leading to its deterioration, the Statue of Liberty’s defects in its supporting structure

(D) The defects that the Statue of Liberty had in its supporting structure that led to its deterioration

(E) The defects in the supporting structure of the Statue of Liberty which led to its deterioration

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★ Reference

★ Misplaced Modifier

■ Gsc8-26 ■ 220601wed

 The regulations require that the union [represent all the employees in the bargaining unit, if they are members or not].

(A) represent all the employees in the bargaining unit, if they are members or not

(B) represent all the employees in the bargaining unit, whether they are members or not

(C) represents all the employees in the bargaining unit, even if they are members or not

(D) would represent all the employees in the bargaining unit, whether they are or are not members

(E) should be representative of all the employees in the bargaining unit, if they are members or not

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★ Diction: whether vs if

★ Diction: require

■ Gsc8-25 ■ 220529sun

 It appeared that the operation could safely be delayed, and the patient was therefore given the choice [of waiting two or three weeks or would he like to proceed] immediately to surgery.

(A) of waiting two or three weeks or would he like to proceed

(B) to wait two or three weeks unless he would like to proceed

(C) of waiting two or three weeks or he would proceed

(D) of waiting two or three weeks or proceeding

(E) to wait two or three weeks or proceeding

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★ Parallelism

★ Diction: choice

■ Gsc8-24 ■ 220525wed

Women working outside the home continue to earn only about two-thirds [of working men].

(A) of working men

(B) of the amount of working men

(C) of the amount working men have

(D) of the amount earned by working men

(E) what has been earned by working men

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★ Parallelism

■ Gsc8-38 ■ 220504wed

 [In London that afforded its playwrights only two theaters], Aphra Behn, by 1687, had had 17 of her plays staged in as many years.

(A) In London that afforded its playwrights only two theaters,

(B) In a London that afforded its playwrights only two theaters,

(C) Even though London's playwrights only were afforded two theaters

(D) Only two theaters were afforded by London to its playwrights, and

(E) Two theaters only were afforded by London for its playwrights, and

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★ Trick: 固有名詞London

★ Conciseness/ Clarity

■ Gsc8-38 ■ 220504wed

 [In London that afforded its playwrights only two theaters], Aphra Behn, by 1687, had had 17 of her plays staged in as many years.

(A) In London that afforded its playwrights only two theaters,

(B) In a London that afforded its playwrights only two theaters,

(C) Even though London's playwrights only were afforded two theaters

(D) Only two theaters were afforded by London to its playwrights, and

(E) Two theaters only were afforded by London for its playwrights, and

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★ Trick: 固有名詞London

★ Conciseness/ Clarity

■ Gsc8-39 ■ 220508sun

Used primarily in the past to store, retrieve, and manipulate data, [computers at the Federal Bureau of Investigation are now being asked to make judgments and for suggesting] courses of action for agents to pursue.

(A) computers at the Federal Bureau of Investigation are now being asked to make judgments and for suggesting

(B) computers at the Federal Bureau of Investigation are now being asked to make judgments and suggest

(C) the Federal Bureau of Investigation is now asking computers to make judgments and for suggesting

(D) the Federal Bureau of Investigation is now asking that computers make judgments and suggest

(E) the Federal Bureau of Investigation is now asking computers for judgments and suggestions for

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★ Dangling Modifier

★ Parallelism

■ Gsc8-38 ■ 220504wed

 [In London that afforded its playwrights only two theaters], Aphra Behn, by 1687, had had 17 of her plays staged in as many years.

(A) In London that afforded its playwrights only two theaters,

(B) In a London that afforded its playwrights only two theaters,

(C) Even though London's playwrights only were afforded two theaters

(D) Only two theaters were afforded by London to its playwrights, and

(E) Two theaters only were afforded by London for its playwrights, and

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★ Trick: 固有名詞London

★ Conciseness/ Clarity

■ Gsc8-37 ■ 220501sun

 Many companies in the pollution-control industry, which [until a few years ago has prospered on account of a national concern for environmental controls, has] recently experienced sharp drops in sales and profits.

(A) until a few years ago has prospered on account of a national concern for environmental controls, has

(B) up until a few years ago, when prospering on account of a national concern for environmental controls, have

(C) until a few years ago was prospering because of a national concern for environmental controls, have

(D) up until a few years ago have prospered because of a national concern for environmental controls, has

(E) until a few years ago had prospered because of a national concern for environmental controls, has

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★ Agreement: Singular/ Plural

★ Conciseness

■ Gsc8-36 ■ 220427wed

American Indians point out that they are not one body: they speak hundreds of different languages, and they are probably more different [from one another than people who live in various European capitals].

(A) from one another than people who live in various European capitals

(B) from one another than are people who live in the various capitals of Europe

(C) each from the others than people living in various European capitals

(D) than people who live in various capitals of Europe from each other

(E) from each other as people living in the various capitals of Europe

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★ Parallelism ( more )

★ Diction ( different )

■ Gsc8-35 ■ 220425sun

For over forty years Carleen Maley Hutchins has painstakingly analyzed the acoustical secrets of the best violins and [builds instruments for testing] her findings.

(A) builds instruments for testing

(B) has built instruments as tests for

(C) built instruments to test

(D) will build instruments that test

(E) would build instruments in testing

■ 解法のテクニック ■

★ Parallelism ( and)

★ Conciseness

■ Gsc8-33 ■ 220417sun

 [Eight years after they were saved from bankruptcy a sudden turnaround, the Senay Corporation is] again encountering sluggish sales, mounting competition, and deep losses.

(A) Eight years after they were saved from bankruptcy by a sudden turnaround, the Senay Corporation is

(B) Eight years before the Senay Corporation was saved from bankruptcy by a sudden turnaround, now they are

(C) After a sudden turnaround had saved them from bankruptcy eight years before, the Senay Corporation is

(D) Eight years after a sudden turnaround saved it from bankruptcy, the Senay Corporation is

(E) After the Senay Corporation had been saved from bankruptcy eight years before by a sudden turnaround, it is